Hello ! This is a summary for the course History of the Modern World since 1750 taught at University of Amsterdam. This is an extensive summary of all lectures taken in 2021 and 2022.
Social structures that determine societal groups, their relationships, and enduring patterns of behaviour
Economic structures that determine work, labour relationships and strategies for survival
Political structures t
II. The Enlightenment
Conceptualisation of enlightenment:
Determined by natural forces and not God
Rational and experimental science will be able to answer all questions concerning nature and society
Age of Reason
Nature and society can be controlled and engineered by the application of knowledge
Humanity: can be raised and educated to attain a higher degree of perfection
17th Century: René Descartes (1596-1650)
- Went to the Dutch Republic because of censorship
- Systemic doubt of observation and ideas
- Mathematics as logical reasoning
- Deduction
- “Je pense donc je suis » → Penser à Mme Jaunet et les classes de philo
- From a general idea going to a specific idea→ “Deduction”
Francis Bacon (1561-1626)
- Understanding and controlling nature
- Induction→ Start with something very specific to go to something general
- Observation, experimentation and reasoning as method
- The New Atlantis (1627)
-
L’encyclodédie by Diderot et D’Alembert (1751-1772)
- Very good sold book
- Dictionnaire raisonné des sciences, des arts et des métiers
Deism :
- ‘The Watchmaker’ or ‘almighty intelligence’
- Rational Religion
- Tolerance
- Personal god
- Understanding the changing role of religion in society
- Dismissive of organized religion
- Religious tolerance
- “Christianity is the most ridiculous, the most absurd, and bloody religion that has ever infected
the world” -Voltaire
The Enlightenment as a social and cultural phenomenon
- Culture of Salons
- ‘Republic of Letters’
- Education
, - Women as gatekeepers →(Julie de Lespinasse, la Rochefoucauld, George Sand)
- Censorship as the main challenge
- People stop writing in latin to start writing in their native tongues
III. Natural Law and Enlightened Political Ideas
- Constitution of the US
Thomas Hobbes (1588-1679)
- The Statue of nature and natural law
- The monopoly of power
- Absolute rule
- ‘Law of the Jungle’ → Penser a les classe de jaunet philo
- Exception→ give in your life and freedom to attain peace
- Social contract
John Locke (1632-1704)
- Personal liberties
- The consent of the governed
- Parliament and representation
- Property and labour
- activity encompassing the systematic study of the structure and behaviour of the physical and natural
world through observation and experiment.
Rousseau (1712-1778)
- Economic inequality as foundational for general inequality
- The Social Contract and his critique of the French hierarchical society
- The General Will: activity encompassing the systematic study of the structure
and behaviour of the physical and natural world through observation and
experiment.
Montesquieu (1689-1755)
- L’Esprit des Lois (1748)
- The Trias Politicas (Division of power) as political structure for a division of governmental
functions and powers
- Protecting liberty in society
- Trias politica: executive, legislative, judicial
Condorcet (1743-1794) and the triumph of Enlightenment
- Intellectual in politics.
- Rights of women:
- Natural equality, Differences between men and women are based on social norms, context and
oppression
- Abolishing slavery
- Natural rights
- Utilitarianism
- Colonialism and Enlightenment
, IV. Enlightened Despotism
Absolute power according to values of enlightenment (Ruler of Prussia for example)
- Secular perspective by hereditary rulers
- Curtailing medieval forces and customs
- Centralising of government, taxes, infrastructure, laws
- Driven by les philosophes and military necessity
- Limits to the ability to reform hierarchical society
- Resurgent forces of church and nobility
- Catalysing social unrest and problems
Vi. Romanticism
Cultural and literary responding an aspect of enlightenment
Human is more than oppression and thoughts, also has feelings and emotions that cannot be rationally explained
Started with Chateaubriand
- Reaction to and continuation of the Enlightenment
- Against single sided rationality
- Humanity can only liberate itself by also following its heart (next to its reason)
- Nature is a living being and not a controllable machine
, HISMO2: THE DUAL REVOLUTION
French revolution and Industrial revolution
I. The Industrial revolution in England:
- The increase of production in manufacture/ industry and agriculture
was accelerated by technological innovation (collaboration by
entrepreneurs, technicians and scientists):
- James Hargreavers’ spinning jenny (1764)
- James Watt’s improved steam engine (1777)
- To pump production without too much human labour
-
Factor: THE GRADUAL DISAPPEARENCE OF COMMONS AND OPEN FIELDS
- Rising prices of wool, wheat and other agricultural goods motivated
farmers to invest in the enlargement of landownership to enable more
efficient use of land
- Land is common in England
- Around 1700 between 40% and 50% of all English agricultural grounds
were in common use
ENCLOSURE IN ENGLAND:
- The enclosure movement caused more private ownership in agriculture
- Parliament enacted laws to facilitate the Enclosure Movement
- Plus the effect of technological innovation
- Resulting in greater production and profit motive
JETHRO TULL (1674-1741) enlarged his privately owned land through enclosures
and was inventor of a seed drill and more efficient horse hoe.
- The potato became a popular food in North-western Europe
NEW SCIENTIFIC KNOWLEDGE ABOUT THE IMPORTANCE OF HYGIENE
- The use of soap
- Improved hygiene in obstetrics
- Decrease in infant and maternal mortality rates
- Development of small-pox vaccine (Edward Jenner 1796)
- Clear rise of demography in every continent except for Africa
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