100% tevredenheidsgarantie Direct beschikbaar na je betaling Lees online óf als PDF Geen vaste maandelijkse kosten
logo-home
Eerder door jou gezocht
Eerder door jou gezocht
logo
Summary McTimoney College of Chiropractic - Biomedical Sciences I €30,49
In winkelwagen
Snel navigeren naar
Voorbeeld
  2.  
  3. University Of Ulster
  4.  
  5. McTimoney - Biomedical Sciences

Samenvatting

Summary McTimoney College of Chiropractic - Biomedical Sciences I
 0 keer verkocht
  • Vak
  • McTimoney - Biomedical Sciences
  • Instelling
  • University Of Ulster

This is a full summary of all lecture notes and slide decks from Biomedical Sciences I. This summary can be purchased together with potential exam questions provided by the lecturer with my own answers for each question for the same price! The bundle will also include an overview of the important i...

[Meer zien]

Voorbeeld 6 van de 65  pagina's

Document informatie

  • 1 mei 2023
  • 65
  • 2021/2022
  • Samenvatting

Onderwerpen

  • mctimoney
  • biomedical sciences i
  • biomedical sciences
  • mctimoney college of chiropractic
  • summary
  • lecture notes

Geschreven voor

  • University of Ulster
  • Onbekend
  • McTimoney - Biomedical Sciences
Alle documenten voor dit vak (2)

Verkoper

avatar-seller
Mikkallo

Ontvangen beoordelingen

Voorbeeld van de inhoud

MAN Y2 2021 BMS1 McTimoney College of Chiropractic Michael Verouden



Biomedical Sciences I (BMS1) - Summary
Table of contents
Table of contents .................................................................................................................................... 1
1 – What is disease ................................................................................................................................. 4
1.1 Pathology ...................................................................................................................................... 4
1.1.1 Genetic factors ....................................................................................................................... 5
1.1.2 Environmental factors ............................................................................................................ 6
1.2 Disease classification..................................................................................................................... 7
1.2.1 “Official” disease classifications............................................................................................. 7
1.3 Disease diagnosis .......................................................................................................................... 8
1.4 Pharmacology ............................................................................................................................... 8
1.5 Diagnostic resources ..................................................................................................................... 8
1.6 Biomarkers .................................................................................................................................... 9
2 – Epidemiology ................................................................................................................................... 11
2.1 Introduction to epidemiology ..................................................................................................... 11
2.1.1 Forms of epidemiology ........................................................................................................ 11
2.2 Health statistics in epidemiology ................................................................................................ 12
2.2.1 Morbidity statistics .............................................................................................................. 12
2.2.2 Mortality statistics ............................................................................................................... 13
3 – Introduction to basic pharmacology ............................................................................................... 15
3.1 Routes of administration ............................................................................................................ 15
3.2 Pharmacokinetics ........................................................................................................................ 17
3.2.1 Pharmacokinetic concepts ................................................................................................... 18
3.3 Pharmacodynamics ..................................................................................................................... 18
3.3.1 Receptors ............................................................................................................................. 19
3.3.2 Drug dosing & safety ............................................................................................................ 20
3.3.3 Drug Interactions ................................................................................................................. 21
3.4 Drugs ........................................................................................................................................... 21
4 – Cellular tissue injury & repair .......................................................................................................... 23
4.1 Cellular adaptation...................................................................................................................... 23
4.2 Cellular injury .............................................................................................................................. 24
4.2.1 Ischaemia ............................................................................................................................. 25
4.3 Cellular death .............................................................................................................................. 25
4.4 Inflammatory response ............................................................................................................... 26


Pagina 1 van 65

,MAN Y2 2021 BMS1 McTimoney College of Chiropractic Michael Verouden


4.4.1 Acute inflammation ............................................................................................................. 27
4.4.2 Chronic inflammation .......................................................................................................... 29
4.5 Tissue repair & regeneration ...................................................................................................... 29
4.5.1 Tissue repair process............................................................................................................ 30
4.5.2 Wound healing ..................................................................................................................... 31
5 – Pain & analgesia .............................................................................................................................. 33
5.1 Pain classification ........................................................................................................................ 33
5.2 Pain neuroanatomy..................................................................................................................... 34
5.2.1 Nociceptors .......................................................................................................................... 34
5.2.2 Pain pathway........................................................................................................................ 35
5.3 Analgesic pharmacology ............................................................................................................. 36
5.3.1 Local anaesthetics ................................................................................................................ 36
5.3.2 Anti-inflammatory agents .................................................................................................... 37
5.3.3 Opioid analgesics ................................................................................................................. 38
6 – Nausea & vomiting .......................................................................................................................... 40
Not on exam...................................................................................................................................... 40
7 – Infection .......................................................................................................................................... 41
7.1 Normal bacterial flora ................................................................................................................. 41
7.2 How microorganisms cause disease ........................................................................................... 41
7.2.1 Viruses .................................................................................................................................. 41
7.2.2 Bacteria ................................................................................................................................ 43
7.2.3 Bacteriophages..................................................................................................................... 44
7.2.4 Prions ................................................................................................................................... 44
7.3 Impact of infections .................................................................................................................... 44
7.4 Basic principles of infection: transmission & prevention ........................................................... 45
7.4.1 Sepsis.................................................................................................................................... 46
8 – Antimicrobial therapy ..................................................................................................................... 48
8.1 Antimicrobial chemotherapy ...................................................................................................... 48
8.1.1 Anti-viral chemotherapy ...................................................................................................... 48
8.2.2 Anti-bacterial chemotherapy ............................................................................................... 49
8.2 Antibiotic therapy issues ............................................................................................................. 50
8.2.1 Antibiotic resistance ............................................................................................................ 50
8.2.2 Choice................................................................................................................................... 51
9 – Neoplasia......................................................................................................................................... 52
9.1 Cancer epidemiology .................................................................................................................. 52
9.2 Neoplastic disease & cancer ....................................................................................................... 53

Pagina 2 van 65

,MAN Y2 2021 BMS1 McTimoney College of Chiropractic Michael Verouden


9.2.1 Hallmarks of malignant neoplastic cells............................................................................... 54
9.3 Carcinogenesis ............................................................................................................................ 54
9.3.1 Mutation .............................................................................................................................. 55
9.3.2 Growth & differentiation ..................................................................................................... 55
9.3.3 Local invasion ....................................................................................................................... 57
9.3.4 Metastasis ............................................................................................................................ 57
9.3.5 Summary .............................................................................................................................. 58
9.4 Clinical issues in cancer ............................................................................................................... 58
9.4.1 Cancer diagnosis .................................................................................................................. 59
9.4.2 Cancer grading & staging ..................................................................................................... 59
10 – Cancer chemotherapy ................................................................................................................... 60
10.1 Treatment approaches.............................................................................................................. 60
10.1.1 Radiotherapy ...................................................................................................................... 60
10.1.2 Chemotherapy (CRx) .......................................................................................................... 61
10.2 Principles of anti-neoplastic chemotherapy ............................................................................. 61
10.2.1 Kinetics of cancer treatment.............................................................................................. 62
10.2.2 Drug resistance .................................................................................................................. 63
10.3 Chemotherapy agents ............................................................................................................... 63
10.3.1 Traditional anti-neoplastic drugs (cytotoxic drugs) ........................................................... 63
10.3.2 Hormonal Rx....................................................................................................................... 64
10.3.3 Targeted Rx ........................................................................................................................ 64
10.3.4 Immunotherapy ................................................................................................................. 64




Pagina 3 van 65

, MAN Y2 2021 BMS1 McTimoney College of Chiropractic Michael Verouden


1 – What is disease
 Basic features of disease & disease development
 Factors involved in the cause of disease
 Classification of disease, “official” & “unofficial”
 Pathway to the diagnosis of disease
 Role of pathology in disease diagnosis, monitoring & treatment

Disease = abnormality that negatively affects a structure/function of part/whole organ/organism.
• Medical conditions associated with symptoms & signs
• Occurs when cells are unable to adapt to changes in environment ➔ adaptation = health
• Health & disease are 2 extremes balanced by homeostasis
• Proximate causes & mechanisms ➔ infections, mutations, etc.
• Evolutionary causes ➔ influenced by modern problems
o Infection causes increased T cells to fight pathogens ➔ influenced by medicine
o Micro-organisms evolve faster than humans ➔ antibiotic resistance
o Allergies increase ➔ hypersensitive immune system to innocent agents
o Environmental changes
• Also influenced by age ➔ less response to environmental threats leads to increased
infections, emergence of dormant infections, and increased chronic diseases
• Also influenced by genes ➔ increased risk by having a certain gene – but can also have
beneficial influence

Diseases may differ in nature:
Structural disease (organic) Functional disease
Changes Lesions (= structural change) in Physiological/functional changes, no
cells/tissues lesions
Identifiable Molecular techniques identify Laboratory testing for biomarkers
protein & gene structure changes
Signs & symptoms Unreliable Reliable
Characteristics 3 groups: Results in structural changes over time ➔
Genetic/developmental more important
Acquired injury & inflammatory
Hyperplasia & neoplasia
Examples Tumours Excessive production (mucous, hormones)
Obstructions (asthma, GIT, vascular) Insufficient production (hormones)
Ruptures (perforations) Impaired function (muscle, nerve)
Healthy tissue loss (infarction)

1.1 Pathology
Pathology = science of causes & effects of disease.
• Injury mechanisms to cells/tissues + how body responds
• Includes:
o Basic structural & functional changes
o Pathophysiology = study of causes leading to changes
o Pathogenesis = events leading from changes to clinical manifestation of disease




Pagina 4 van 65

,MAN Y2 2021 BMS1 McTimoney College of Chiropractic Michael Verouden


For each disease the following characteristics should be known:
Epidemiology Incidence, prevalence & population distribution
Aetiology Cause
Pathogenesis Events in cells/tissues in response to cause
Morphology Structural changes in cells/tissues
Clinical significance Manifestation of changes giving rise to clinical picture
Complication/sequelae Secondary, systemic or remate consequences
Prognosis Anticipated course (cure, remission, fate)

Disease causes:
1) Genetic = inherited or pre-natal acquired gene defects (e.g. cystic fibrosis)
2) Environmental = no genetic components (e.g. traumatic head injury)
3) Multifactorial = interaction of genetic & environmental (e.g. diabetes)

1.1.1 Genetic factors
These factors are inherited or acquired (through conception/embryogenesis).
• Often associated with congenital metabolic abnormalities (cystic fibrosis) or structural
effects (Down’s & Turners syndrome)
• May predispose to tumours (retinoblastoma)
• May be acquired post-natally (cellular mutation)
o Neoplastic changes & tumour development are concealed by presence of larger
quantity normal cells
• Number of defective genes:
o Monogenic = single defective gene (majority)
o Polygenic = >1 defective genes at different places on chromosome (minority)

Inheritance models help show if a disease is autosomal or sex-linked and/or dominant or recessive.
• Dominant alleles already show effect with 1 copy of the allele (heterozygote)
• Recessive alleles only show effect with 2 copies of the allele (homozygote)
• Both dominant alleles = codominance
• Sex-linked disease has genes linked to X chromosome
o Males (XY) & female (XX)
o Boy inherits X chromosome from mother
o Girl inherits X chromosome from either mother or father
o Recessive sex-linked diseases show effect in females with 2 copies but in males
already with 1 copy ➔ more common in males




Pagina 5 van 65

, MAN Y2 2021 BMS1 McTimoney College of Chiropractic Michael Verouden


Non-neoplastic diseases with genetic defects:
• Abnormal chromosome number ➔ problems with gametogenesis & cellular division
o Down’s syndrome: 3x (trisomy) chromosome 21
• Fragile chromosomes = translocation of genetic material between chromosomes (rare)
o Similar to the carcinogenesis model and often associated with tumour development
• Single gene effects ➔ discrete biochemical or structural abnormalities (common)
o Adult structural defects = dominant
o Child biochemical defects = recessive
o Gene deletion, point mutation, insertion/deletion, gene fusion ➔ leading to
functional loss/gene or death

1.1.2 Environmental factors
Infections are the major cause of disease in all age groups internationally:
• Infective agents ➔ viruses, bacteria, fungi, yeasts, helminths, protozoa, prions
• Transmission
o Direct = contact with source
▪ Horizontal (person to person)
▪ Vertical (mother to foetus in-utero)
▪ Droplet spread (coughing, sneezing, talking)
o Indirect = contact with source via intermediate vehicle
▪ Vehicle borne ➔ contact with fomites = object that can transfer disease
when contaminated (food, water, biological products)
▪ Airborne (non-specific)
▪ Vectors borne (e.g. parasite carriers)
• Characteristics determined by host responses & infective agent properties

Non-infectious factors may contribute to disease by:
• Chemical influences
o Due to environmental pollutants, industrial & domestic materials, drugs, etc.
o Effects ➔ tissue corrosion, altered metabolic pathways, cell membrane injury,
allergic hypersensitivity reactions, neoplastic changes
o Smoking & alcohol biggest factor
o May have mutagenic effects changing chromosome structure:
▪ Teratogenic = affect embryogenesis & lead to malformations
▪ Carcinogenic = leads to tumorigenesis
• Physical influences
o Obvious & direct tissue damage depending on tissue integrity
o Effects ➔ mechanical, thermal, radiation
▪ Thermal damage is mostly localised (burns, frostbite) but also spread
(hypothermia)
▪ Thermal damage positively used as diathermy in surgery
▪ Radiation has wide spectrum of effects ➔ sunburn to melanoma




Pagina 6 van 65

Dit zijn jouw voordelen als je samenvattingen koopt bij Stuvia:

Bewezen kwaliteit door reviews

Bewezen kwaliteit door reviews

Studenten hebben al meer dan 850.000 samenvattingen beoordeeld. Zo weet jij zeker dat je de beste keuze maakt!

In een paar klikken geregeld

In een paar klikken geregeld

Geen gedoe — betaal gewoon eenmalig met iDeal, creditcard of je Stuvia-tegoed en je bent klaar. Geen abonnement nodig.

Direct to-the-point

Direct to-the-point

Studenten maken samenvattingen voor studenten. Dat betekent: actuele inhoud waar jij écht wat aan hebt. Geen overbodige details!

Veelgestelde vragen

Wat krijg ik als ik dit document koop?

Je krijgt een PDF, die direct beschikbaar is na je aankoop. Het gekochte document is altijd, overal en oneindig toegankelijk via je profiel.

Tevredenheidsgarantie: hoe werkt dat?

Onze tevredenheidsgarantie zorgt ervoor dat je altijd een studiedocument vindt dat goed bij je past. Je vult een formulier in en onze klantenservice regelt de rest.

Van wie koop ik deze samenvatting?

Stuvia is een marktplaats, je koop dit document dus niet van ons, maar van verkoper Mikkallo. Stuvia faciliteert de betaling aan de verkoper.

Zit ik meteen vast aan een abonnement?

Nee, je koopt alleen deze samenvatting voor €30,49. Je zit daarna nergens aan vast.

Is Stuvia te vertrouwen?

4,6 sterren op Google & Trustpilot (+1000 reviews)

Afgelopen 30 dagen zijn er 66184 samenvattingen verkocht

Opgericht in 2010, al 15 jaar dé plek om samenvattingen te kopen

Begin nu gratis
€30,49
  • (0)
In winkelwagen
Toegevoegd