The following is a list of concepts for you to understand to be successful on Exam 1
Infection Control
o Measures to prevent infection –
Wash hands with soap and water when they are soiled or visibly dirty with blood or
other body fluids; Wet your hands, apply soap and then scrub them vigorously for at
least 15 seconds; Use an alcohol-based hand rub (foam in and out when entering a
patient’s room)
o The chain of infection and interventions to prevent at each stage –
See below links:
https://quizlet.com/2544833/chain-of-infection-flash-cards/
https://quizlet.com/65588360/nursing-interventions-that-break-the-chain-of-
infection-flash-cards/
o Modes of transmission – Contact (direct/indirect), Droplet, Airborne, Protective
environment
o Define standard precautions and specific isolation precautions, identify
examples and PPE required for each.
Airborne Precautions: Patient Placement – private room that has monitored negative
pressure, or portable HEPA filter in room, keep the room door closed and keep
patient in room, wash hands with antimicrobial agent immediately before leaving the
patient’s room. Respiratory protection – wear an N95 respiratory mask, do not
remove until after leaving room Susceptible persons should not enter the room of
patients with known or suspected measles (rubeola) or varicella (chicken pox) if
immune caregivers are available, Patient Transport – limit moved/transport of
patients from room to essential purposes only during transport, place surgical mask
on the patient, notify receiving department of isolation precautions. Anthrax, Flu,
measles, TB, Cryptococcosis.
Droplet Precautions: Patient Placement – Private room/Wash hands – with
antimicrobial agent immediately after mask/glove removal and before leaving the
patient’s room Respiratory Infection – wear mask when entering the room, remove
mask at room entrance and discard prior to leaving the room/ Patient Transport –
Limit the movement, transport of patients for essential purpose only, during transport
place surgical mask on the patient notify receiving department of isolation
precautions. Common cold, Strep, Scarlet fever, diphtheria, mumps, pertussis
(whooping cough), pneumonia, plague.
Protective Environment Precautions – Visitors report to nurse’s station before
entering room. No one with an infection may visit Staff- in addition to standard
precautions, every time you enter room: hand hygiene – before and after patient
, contact Mask – patient should wear a surgical mask when out of room. Patient
Placement – Private room. Preferable to keep door closed. No live plants or flowers
are allowed in patient’s room. Protective precautions are used to protect severely
immunocompromised patients (transplant patients, neutropenic patients) from the
hospital environment.
Contact Precautions are designed to reduce the risk of transmission of microorganisms by
direct or indirect contact. Direct contact transmission involves the physical transfer of
microorganisms to a susceptible host from an infected or colonized person. Indirect contact
transmission involves contact of a susceptible host with a contaminated intermediate object.
Examples of Diseases: gastrointestinal infections (including diarrhea of unknown origin), wound
and skin infections (e.g. impetigo) and colonization with multidrug-resistant bacteria (e.g.
methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)).
Special Factors:
o Private room or rooms with a patient/resident who has a similar diagnosis.
o Patient/resident should stay in room except for medically necessary procedures or
therapies.
o Gloves for any contact with patient/resident or touching anything in the room.
o Gown if it is likely that clothing will be in contact with any patient/resident or any
surfaces in the patient/resident care environment.
o Mask and eye protection if splashing or splattering of any contaminated substance
is likely.
o Patient/resident care items such as blood pressure cuff, stethoscopes or
thermometer should be “dedicated” (used only for that patient/resident and
disinfected or discarded after the patient/resident is discharged).
o Body defenses against infection, who is more at risk for developing infections
o Symptoms of infection –
Symptoms vary widely, or they may not occur at all. Some patients have fever,
chills, or fatigue.
Most common types
Common cold
Symptoms include a runny nose, sneezing, and congestion. High fever or severe
symptoms are reasons to see a doctor, especially in children.
Flu
Symptoms include fever, chills, muscle aches, cough, congestion, runny nose,
headaches, and fatigue.
Strep throat
Common symptoms include sore throat, fever, and swollen lymph nodes in the
neck. Rarely, complications can involve the heart or kidneys.
Urinary tract infection
A bladder infection may cause pelvic pain, increased urge to urinate, pain with
urination, and blood in the urine. A kidney infection may cause back pain, nausea,
vomiting, and fever.
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