Provides in-depth and reliable notes for the AQA A-Level Law course, covering the Tort module. The notes include all necessary cases, checklists and definitions.
[Meer zien]
Laatste update van het document: 7 maanden geleden
Revision summary of AQA A-level Law (7162) - Tort Law
Revision summary of AQA A-level Law (7162) - The Nature of Law and the English Legal System
Revision summary of AQA A-level Law (7162) - Criminal Law
Alles voor dit studieboek
(7)
Geschreven voor
A/AS Level
AQA
Law
Tort
Alle documenten voor dit vak (1)
Verkoper
Volgen
SELALevels
Ontvangen beoordelingen
Voorbeeld van de inhoud
NEGLIGENCE
CHECKLIST:
1. Duty of care.
2. Breach of duty.
3. Damage.
4. Defences.
5. Damages/remedies.
DUTY OF CARE:
- Establish duty of care using the Caparo test (Caparo v Dickman).
- Caparo test:
+ Was the harm reasonably foreseeable? (Kent v Griffiths).
+ Was there proximity? (Bourhill v Young).
+ Is it fair, just and reasonable to impose a duty of care on the defendant? (Hill).
- Where a duty of care has already been established in a similar situation (due to judicial
precedent), the Caparo test does not need to be applied. Instead, you can simply cite
Robinson v Chief Constable of West Yorkshire.
+ Also states that the police are not exempt from claims in negligence.
BREACH OF DUTY:
- A relevant case is the Alton Towers ‘Smiler’ case.
- Breach of duty is established using the Bolam test (for medical professionals) or the
standard of care test of a reasonable person, and assessing risk factors.
- Bolam test: Montgomery v Lanarkshire: a doctor is under the duty to inform their
patients of all associated risks.
- Standard of care for professionals: a professional is held at the standard of care of the
profession as a whole.
- Standard of care for learners: Nettleship v Weston: their status as a learner is irrelevant
and they are held at the same standard of care as a professional.
- Standard of care for young people:Mullin v Richards: held at the same standard of a
reasonable person of the same age as the individual at the time of the incident.
- Risk factors:
+ Special conditions (Paris v Stepney Council).
+ Size of the risk (Bolton v Stone).
+ Appropriate precautions (Latimer).
+ Unknown risks (Roe v Minister of Heath).
+ Public benefit (Day v High Performance Sports).
DAMAGE:
- Damage is proven through causation and remoteness of damage. Any pre-existing
conditions must also be taken into account.
- Causation: Barnett: did the defendant directly cause the claimant’s loss? If the claimant
would have suffered the loss anyway, then the defendant cannot be liable.
, - Remoteness of damage: the claimant cannot claim for damage that is too remote. The
type of injury must be reasonably foreseeable (Bradford v Robinson Rentals). If it is
not (Doughty v Turner Asbestos), the claimant cannot claim for it.
- Pre-existing condition:
+ Applying the ‘thin skull’ rule (defendant must take the claimant as they find them.
+ Bhamra v Dubb: therefore, if the claimant has a condition that makes them more
susceptible to harm than a reasonable person, the defendant will be held liable.
DEFENCES:
- Includes the following; contributory negligence, consent, warning signs and exclusion
clauses.
- Contributory negligence:
+ Partial defence.
+ For road traffic accidents, if the claimant does not wear a seatbelt then their
damages can be decreased by a minimum of 20%.
+ The Law Reform (Contributory Negligence) Act: any damages awarded to a
claimant can be decreased according to how much they contributed to their own
loss.
- Consent:
+ Full defence.
+ The claimant accepts a voluntary assumption of the risk of harm, therefore no
damage is done to one who consents to the risk.
+ This cannot be used for road traffic accidents.
+ Smith v Baker: the defendant must prove the following criteria:
→ the claimant had precise knowledge of the risk of harm involved.
→ there was an exercise of free choice on behalf of the claimant.
→ the claimant showed a voluntary acceptance of the risk of harm.
- Warning notices:
+ Full defence.
+ Cannot be used for serious injury or death.
+ Staples: warning can be oral or written.
- Exclusion clauses:
+ Occupier has the right to exclude, modify or restrict his duty by agreement.
+ Exceptions include:
→ Unfair Contract Terms Act: their duty cannot be limited from personal
injury or death which results from the defendant’s negligence.
DAMAGES:
- Special damages (pecuniary loss): monetary loss, calculated before and up to the trial.
- General damages (non-pecuniary loss): non-monetary, calculated after the trial onwards,
can be speculative, applies to a loss of amenity, pain and suffering.
- Lump sums: a one-time award of damages.
- Structured settlements: periodic fixed payments.
+ Damages Act 1996: parties can agree that the claimant receives the damages in
periodic payments.
- Mitigation of loss: the claimant is under the duty to keep their loss at a reasonable level.
Voordelen van het kopen van samenvattingen bij Stuvia op een rij:
Verzekerd van kwaliteit door reviews
Stuvia-klanten hebben meer dan 700.000 samenvattingen beoordeeld. Zo weet je zeker dat je de beste documenten koopt!
Snel en makkelijk kopen
Je betaalt supersnel en eenmalig met iDeal, creditcard of Stuvia-tegoed voor de samenvatting. Zonder lidmaatschap.
Focus op de essentie
Samenvattingen worden geschreven voor en door anderen. Daarom zijn de samenvattingen altijd betrouwbaar en actueel. Zo kom je snel tot de kern!
Veelgestelde vragen
Wat krijg ik als ik dit document koop?
Je krijgt een PDF, die direct beschikbaar is na je aankoop. Het gekochte document is altijd, overal en oneindig toegankelijk via je profiel.
Tevredenheidsgarantie: hoe werkt dat?
Onze tevredenheidsgarantie zorgt ervoor dat je altijd een studiedocument vindt dat goed bij je past. Je vult een formulier in en onze klantenservice regelt de rest.
Van wie koop ik deze samenvatting?
Stuvia is een marktplaats, je koop dit document dus niet van ons, maar van verkoper SELALevels. Stuvia faciliteert de betaling aan de verkoper.
Zit ik meteen vast aan een abonnement?
Nee, je koopt alleen deze samenvatting voor €5,54. Je zit daarna nergens aan vast.
