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Violence and Security: Paradigms & Debates- Final Exam Summary

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Universiteit Van Amsterdam (UvA)

This summary provides a detailed overview of all topics, including lecture and reading notes. Definitions are clearly highlighted for clarification and notes are shot but comprehensive to make studying easy.

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Type Samenvatting

state formation
genocide
nuclear weapons
democracy
war
gender
conflict
ethnic
cvilian rescue
peacebuilding

Introduction
Conceptualising Violence -Johan Galtung

direct violence: behaviours carried out by a clearly identifiable agent with the intent to inflict bodily
harm

structural violence: when humans systematically cannot fulfil their physical and mental potential, →
does not require intent nor a clear agent (e.g. there is a solution to prevent harm but it is not
implemented)

Conceptualising Peace - Galtung

negative peace: the absence of direct violence

positive peace: self-sustaining condition that protects the human security of a population

Recent trends in violence and security (UCDP)
→ For most of the 20th century, civil wars were the dominant conflict, with a spike in the 1990s
and more recently Syria.

→ War is comparatively quite rare and only recently we have seen
more intrastate war (Russia-Ukraine)

Pettersson- Organized Violence

organized violence increasingly prevalent form since the end of the Cold War in 1989.

four main types of organized violence:

insurgencies,

communal conflicts,

organised crime-related violence,

and state repression.

The Syrian conflict: multiple actors with different motivations and strategies are involved.

importance of understanding the dynamics of organized violence in terms of the interaction between
state and non-state actors.

highlight role of external actors: neighboring states or international organizations → influencing
trajectory of organized violence.

often linked to other forms of political violence, such as terrorism, and that addressing the root causes
of organized violence requires a comprehensive approach that goes beyond military means.

understanding the drivers and dynamics of organized violence is key for prevention

Paradigms - Thomas Kuhn

filters through which we see the world

Introduction 1

, importance of paradigms: assumptions about most important actors + their behaviours and
motivations + what leads to war and violence + what allows for peace and security

Introduction 2

, State Formation and Violence
Key Concepts

state: the organisation that has a monopoly over the legitimate use of physical
force within a given territory in the enforcement of its order (weber)

State formation: the long-term processes leading to the centralisation of political
power within a sovereign territory

State capacity: the ability of states to accomplish goals often measured by military
power and its administrative (tax) capacity→ indicator for state strength (enforcing
something that is against individual´s will)

The Bellicist Approach to State Formation (Tilly)

war produces state with stronger military ad stronger institutions to extract from society because need
the money

go to war because more capital/ power

war requires extraction, extraction requires state building → stronger bureaucracy→ stronger
protection (more alliances with e.g. capitalists)→ this is the origin of the state

institution purpose is to know the population to know how to extract resources

Reading notes : Charles Tilly- War Making+ State Making

legitimacy= authorities will respect your decisions

war and state making = organised crime through legitimacy

struggle of indirect power rule by European forces abroad in the past - European focus

states do: war making, state making, protection, extraction

reorganisation by war because: central mechanisms of state making→ monopolised means of
violence

state= organised crime

Someone who creates a threat and then charges for its reduction.
Governments continuously fabricate, simulate or stimulate, threats of external war.

real threat to the livelihoods of the citizens is only the government’s repressiveand extractive
(taxation) activities. The only difference between them and racketeers is the sanctity of governments.

The authority of racketeer governments stems from the monopoly of violence (both narrowly and
broadly understood). This makes the government’s claim of providing protection more credible and
more difficult to resist. This does NOT mean that governmental authority relies only on the threat of
violence, nor is the government’s
only service protection.

State Formation and Violence 1

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