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Describe and evaluate research into cultural variations in attachment (16 marks)

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Describe and evaluate research into cultural variations in attachment (16 marks) including research by van Ijzendoorn and Kroonenberg, Jin and Simonelli

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cultural variations
attachment
a level
psychology
van ijzendoorn
strange situation
essay
16 marker
a

Study Level
A/AS Level
Publisher
AQA
Subject
Psychology
Course
Attachment

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Describe and evaluate research into cultural variations in attachment (16 marks)

Van Ijzendoorn and Kroonenberg conducted a meta-analysis investigating proportions of different
attachment types in different cultures. They used 32 studies of the Strange Situation with results for
2000 children. In all countries, secure was the most common attachment type, ranging from 75% in
the UK to 50% in China. Individualist countries like USA and Germany had higher rates of insecure
avoidant babies compared to collectivist countries like Japan and Israel. Israel had the highest rate of
insecure resistant children at 25%, compared to individualist countries which all had under 14%.
They also found that variation within countries was 150% greater that variation between countries,
with secure attachment ranging from 90%-46% in the US.

Another study was Simonelli et al who looked at attachment types in Italy, an individualist country.
They found 50% secure and 36% avoidant. This may be related to the rising number of mothers
returning to work soon after having the baby and relying on childcare during the day. Jin et al
conducted research in Korea and found very similar results to Van Ijzendorn and Kroonenberg’s
findings in China, due to the similar child-rearing practises where mothers spend a lot of time with
the child. Of the sample, only 1 child was insecure avoidant.

A strength of this research is that it uses indigenous researchers. This means there are fewer
preconceptions or stereotypes that would affect the findings, as well as no language barrier. For
example in the meta-analysis, research by Grossman was used for Germany and research by
Takahashi was used for Japan. This increases the validity of the findings as the communication was
successful. However this was not true of all cultural research of attachment. Morelli and Tronick
were two American researchers who studied attachment in a group of people in the DRC. Their data
may have been affected by difficulties in communication or bias.

A limitation is that there are confounding variables in the methodology of the research. These
include social class of the participant, age, number of toys, room size, which are all things that could
have an impact on the behaviour and attachment of the infants. E.g. a smaller room may lead to less
proximity seeking, but that is not because they are insecure resistant. This reduces the validity of the
findings, meaning they are less representative of true cultural variations.

A further limitation is the problem of imposed etic. This is when an idea that was created to suit one
culture is applied to other cultures, assuming it works the same way. E.g. lack of affection in the UK
is seen as being avoidant, which is a negative thing, but in Germany it may be praised as
independence. This means comparing countries by using the Strange Situation may not tell us much
about attachment types.

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