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Summary BTEC Applied Science Unit 20 Assignment 2 Cytology & Histology
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Cytology, Histology & Medical ScreeningP4. Explain the use of analytical investigation in disease screening
What is Screening?
Screening is a method of locating people who appear healthy but may be at a higher risk of
developing a specific ailment. To diverse segments of the population, the NHS provides a
variety of screening exams. The objective is to provide screening to those who will benefit from
it the most. For instance, certain screening procedures are only available to newborns, while
others, including breast and abdominal aortic aneurysm screening, are only available to the
elderly. Doctors utilise screenings, which are medical exams, to look for illnesses and other
issues before any symptoms or signs appear. Screenings assist in identifying issues early on,
possibly when they are simpler to treat. One of the most crucial things you can do for your
health is to get the necessary screenings.
Types of Screening in Biomedical Science
Infectious Disease Screening & How they’re Carried Out?
Certain diseases are diagnosed using tests for infectious diseases. Tests could be carried out as
part of a regular health examination or if you exhibit particular indications or symptoms. If you
think you may have been exposed to an infectious disease, you should get tested, especially if
the illness is known to have dangerous possible side effects. Even if you are asymptomatic or
simply have minor symptoms, you might still be able to infect individuals close to you. Certain
infectious infections, especially in those with impaired immune systems, can cause severe
health problems or even death. Infectious disease screening aims to find and treat infected
individuals before they experience complications or spread the illness to others. Moreover,
screening makes an effort to track down, test for, and treat everybody who has come into
contact with you in order to stop the infection from spreading further. There are many
different infectious diseases, but there are only two major ways to tell if you have one or more
of them in your body: by looking for antibodies to the infection or by looking for the infection
(antigen) itself. In order to confirm prior exposure, serological testing looks for antibodies, your
body's response to an illness. The highly specific test known as polymerase chain reaction
(PCR) testing, also known as nucleic acid amplification testing (NAAT), finds the presence of
the distinctive genetic material of the infectious pathogen (DNA or RNA).
P4. Explain the use of analytical investigation in disease screening
, Bowel Screening & How they’re Carried Out?
This examination is designed to find bowel cancer in its earliest stages. This includes testing for
polyps, which are benign growths, in addition to bowel cancer. To reduce the risk of bowel
cancer, this is typically removed because it has a potential to become cancerous. Any gender
between the ages of 50 and 75 is screened for bowel cancer. Every two years, the screening is
conducted within this range. There are different methods to carry out bowel screening such as
Faecal Occult Blood Test (FOBT) and Bowel Scope Screening.
Faecal Occult Blood Test (FOBT)
In order to process this, cardboard sticks are handed out. Patients will have to smear a
little sample of faeces three times over the period of two weeks. This screening is
unique because customised screening cards will be given on these cardboard sticks.
This test determines whether any blood remains in the faeces. The test is negative once
it is delivered to the lab for the checkup and it is revealed that no blood was presented.
But the examination will be repeated every two years.
Bowel Scope Screening
In order to process this, cardboard sticks are handed out. Patients will have to smear a
little sample of faeces three times over the period of two weeks. This screening is
unique because customised screening cards will be given on these cardboard sticks.
This test determines whether any blood remains in the faeces. The test is negative once
it is delivered to the lab for the checkup and it is revealed that no blood was presented.
But the examination will be repeated every two years. While more tests will be offered
if the test is positive in order to determine what is going on, this does not necessarily
indicate that the patient has bowel cancer.
Cervical Screening & How they’re Carried Out?
Only women and females between the ages of 25 and 64 are subjected to this test. This is a
screening to look for an abnormal cervix change. This is done by a smear test, which inserts tiny
cell samples into the female's uterine opening from the vagina. This is done to keep track of or
treat the condition early on, preventing cervical cancer from developing. A cervical screening
only takes a few minutes. The source of this is a medical expert, who can be a doctor or a nurse.
The vagina, is where the nurse or doctor will insert a speculum. The speculum makes the cervix
easier for the medical expert to see. The vestibule's walls are kept in place by the speculum.
After that, the nurse or doctor will introduce a soft brush to remove some cervix cells. The
laboratory will then conduct a microscope examination of the cervical cell sample to check for
any abnormal cells. Although this process is not painful, it can be unpleasant
and unsightly.
P5. Explain the use of analytical investigations of tissue samples
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