Samenvatting
Summary Oncology notes 2023
- Instelling
- Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam (VU)
Oncology notes in English language. Contains all lectures and keynote lectures from the year 2023.
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Oncology notesTHE NATURE OF CANCER
Incidence the number of new cases within a certain period
Prevalence all persons who somewhere in time have been diagnosed with cancer and are still living at a
certain date
Mortality number of patients who died as a result of cancer within a certain period
Survival percentage of patients still living at a certain period after diagnosis
Cancer
A group of diseases
Uncontrolled cell growth
Invasive and forming metastases
Clonal
Disease of the genome
o Cancer is not inheritable because almost all mutations happen in somatic cells
o You can inherit germlines that increase the chance of getting cancer
Tumor
A heterogenous mass of cells
Not all are invasive and metastasising
Benign tumors not a cancer
Malignant tumors cancer
o Life threatening because:
Disturb organ function
Cancer cells compete with normal cells for O2 and nutrients
Growing tumors cause obstructions
Types of cancers
Carcinomas arise from epithelia (~85% of all cancers)
o Most exposed to carcinogens as they align inside and outside of the body
Adenocarcinomas arise from glandular tissues (e.g breast)
Sarcomas arise from mesodermal tissues (e.g. bone, muscle)
Lymphomas arise from (progenitors of) white blood cells
Carcinogen
An agent causing cancer
Causes alterations in the DNA of a cell
Cancer cells contain many alterations in the DNA
The accumulation of mutations in the DNA of a cell causes stepwise development of cancer
1
,Main characteristics of cancer
Have a different morphology
Can grow at low serum concentration
Show no/decreased contact inhibition
Can grow without substrate for attachment
10 Hallmarks: every hallmark is a potential target for selective therapy
Transformation can be used to distinguish cancer cell from non cancer cell in the lab
o The cell grows unattached to the surface
2
,Treatment of cancer
Surgery
Radiotherapy
Chemotherapy
Prevention of cell division cytostatic effect
Killing of cancer cells cytotoxic effect
Therapeutic window difference between max tolerated
dose (MTD) and the min dose needed to exert anti-cancer
activity
CANCER GENOME: MUTATIONS VS REPAIR
DNA
Sugar + phosphate group + base
Base
o Pyrimidine: thymine, cytosine
o Purine: adenine, guanine
o 3 bases = 1 codon = 1 amino acid
Thymine becomes Uracil in the transcription process
Large DNA changes
Aneuplopidy: whole chromosome gain or loss
Deletions
Chromosome rearrangements translocations
Gene amplifications
Cancer can result from (epi)genetic alteration in human cancer genes
Stability genes (e.g. repair) inactivation
3
, Oncogenes (e.g. growth factors) activation
Tumor suppressor genes (e.g. TP53) inactivation
Carcinogenesis
Initiation
o DNA damage, chromosomal damage, ≥ 1 mutation
Promotion
o Cell proliferation influenced by intercellular processes, growth factors, hormones and
environmental factors
Progression
o Invasion, migration, metastasis, angiogenesis
Causes of DNA abberation
Exogenous
o Smoking, alcohol
o Sunlight (UV)
o Radiation
Endogenous
o DNA replication errors
E.g. 8-oxoguanine is read as thymine and can cause damage
o Reactive oxygen species (ROS)
Radiation
Amount of damage depends on the rate at which energy is released (LET)
Energy deposit is measured in Gray (Gy)
Biological damage caused by radiation is measured in Sievert (Sv)
Ionizing radiation
High frequency electromagnetic radiation
Ionization of an atom resulting in electron emission
(kick-out)
The electron damages DNA directly or indirectly via
ROS production
Radiolysis of H2O ionization of H2O
Linear Energy Transfer
The rate of energy loss along the track of an ionizing particle
o Radiation particle hits the tissue and energy is transfered to it while making some damage
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