Samenvatting
Summary Complete notes of Cultura Psychology
Includes class notes and book. Does not include practical information.
[Meer zien]Voorbeeld 4 van de 92 pagina's
Voorbeeld 4 van de 92 pagina's
In winkelwagengesponsord bericht van onze partner
Gekoppeld boek
Titel boek:
Auteur(s):
- Uitgave:
- ISBN:
- Druk:
Voorbeeld van de inhoud
Module 1 - What is culture?- Meaning, information transmitted across generations, meets basic needs of survival, happiness and well-being,
where meaning in life is derived from
- A schema to help us evaluate and organize information so we can behave accordingly to our environment
Cross-cultural psychology:
1. Transport and test hypotheses and findings to other cultural settings
2. Explore other cultures to discover cultural and psychological variations
3. Integrate findings into a universal psychology
- What we know at present is influenced by WEIRD samples - western, educated, industrialized, rich,
democratic - not representative for mankind; 96% of samples come from countries with only 12% of the
world’s population
- KNOWLEDGE CLIP
Theoretical approaches
- Culture operationalized → behavior
- Hofstede: KNOWLEDGE CLIP
- General framework to classify cultural patterns from factor analysis
- Work-related values in employees of IVM
- 4 classic dimensions: power distance, individualism/collectivism, masculinity/femininity, uncertainty
avoidance
- Additional 2 after 2010: long-term/short-term orientation, indulgence
- Enabled national level comparisons - scores on dimensions, maps of certain dimensions
- Individualism: ties between individuals are loose - everyone is independent
- Collectivism: integration into strong cohesive in groups, which throughout life continue to protect them
in exchange for loyalty
- Criticism:
- Theoretical frameworks - not the truth, approximations
- The questionnaires that assess the dimensions may not ask the right questions (loosely
connected with concept) - low face validity
- What does the framework explain - variance explained? Is actually quite small in terms of
organizational problems -Empirical coverage is not uniform
- New dimensions: long-term orientation (normative societies score low on this dimension,
maintaining traditions and norms, viewing societal change with suspicion; the others are more
pragmatic, encouraging modern education toward progress, future oriented)
- Minkov (2017): does Hofstede’s initial sample (of IBM employees) adequately reflect national cultures?
Do the dimensions replicate? Do they have internal reliability - are their facets correlated as the
Hofstede model postulates? Can the model be used to predict behavior?
- Reliability meh
- Power distance seems to be a part of individualism/collectivism
- Uncertainty avoidance is not reliably measured, and does not predict criteria that it is supposed
to predict
- Masculinity/femininity does not predict either
- Hofstede/s model is supposed to be used on a national level of analysis → if not → ecological
fallacy
- UA, MAS/FEM falls apart, the rest needs revision
, - Triandis: Cultural Syndromes
- ind/coll and vertical/horizontal (referring to equality)
- Vertical collectivism = you are part of a group, but accept vertical inequalities in the
group
- Horizontal collectivism = everyone in your group has to have the same status
- Vertical individualism = autonomous self and acceptance of inequality
- Horizontal individualism = autonomy, where everyone is equal
-
- Markus & Kitayama
- There is a difference between interdependent self (where self is embedded into many other
people) and independent self (which is distinct from everybody else)
- Self is mediator of cultural differences, construal differs across cultures; public, relational and
private, or inner aspects - which is most important differs
- West - values being different, most important internal attributes help you distinguish
yourself , East - values similarity, most important attributes are what makes you similar to
others
- But,
- Little empirical support
- Past research assumed and documented these differences, but without searching for
mediating variables (a very black/white way of seeing things)
-
- ⇒ causality cannot be claimed
- Gelfand - tight vs loose cultures
- KNOWLEDGE CLIP
- Tight: strong norms, low tolerance for deviant behavior
- Loose: weak norms, high tolerance for deviant behavior
, -
- Also studies with non-weird participants - samples from ethnographic record (non industrial societies);
rationale: threat > tighter, and this holds
WEIRD psychology
- Western, industrialized, rich, democratic
- Outliers → we do not know a lot about psychology across cultural boundaries
- Henrich et al
- Psychological phenomena are taken as universal, without evidence - no explanation of sample
difference
- Modern industrialized vs small scale societies
-
- Carpenter world hypothesis - industrialized cultures (where surroundings are angular) perceive
the illusion because it is a schema that tells us about the distance between us and a thing
- Dictator game - one person has the power to share coins with another, who has no say
, -
- Industrialized vs small scale societies have differences, but not clear what they mean
- western vs non western industrialized
- Asch’s conformity test (line judgement task) - the conformity effect holds in westernized
societies; effect becomes smaller in the US over time; effect is smaller the more individualistic a
context is
- americans vs other westerners
- Americans hold highest scores on individualism and egocentrism
- ; failure may also be more attributed toward internal reasons
→ implications for mental health
- university vs non-university educated americans
- More or less post-decisional spread = justifying difficult decisions by liking the decision more
after making it (to reduce Cognitive dissonance (leon festinger))
- Heine & Lehman - music preferences and personality
- Canadians have more post decisional spread than japanese
- Snibbe & Markus (2005)
- More educated people have more post-decisional spread
Voordelen van het kopen van samenvattingen bij Stuvia op een rij:
Verzekerd van kwaliteit door reviews
Stuvia-klanten hebben meer dan 700.000 samenvattingen beoordeeld. Zo weet je zeker dat je de beste documenten koopt!
Snel en makkelijk kopen
Je betaalt supersnel en eenmalig met iDeal, creditcard of Stuvia-tegoed voor de samenvatting. Zonder lidmaatschap.
Focus op de essentie
Samenvattingen worden geschreven voor en door anderen. Daarom zijn de samenvattingen altijd betrouwbaar en actueel. Zo kom je snel tot de kern!
Veelgestelde vragen
Wat krijg ik als ik dit document koop?
Je krijgt een PDF, die direct beschikbaar is na je aankoop. Het gekochte document is altijd, overal en oneindig toegankelijk via je profiel.
Tevredenheidsgarantie: hoe werkt dat?
Onze tevredenheidsgarantie zorgt ervoor dat je altijd een studiedocument vindt dat goed bij je past. Je vult een formulier in en onze klantenservice regelt de rest.
Van wie koop ik deze samenvatting?
Stuvia is een marktplaats, je koop dit document dus niet van ons, maar van verkoper flaviastoia. Stuvia faciliteert de betaling aan de verkoper.
Zit ik meteen vast aan een abonnement?
Nee, je koopt alleen deze samenvatting voor €7,49. Je zit daarna nergens aan vast.
Is Stuvia te vertrouwen?
4,6 sterren op Google & Trustpilot (+1000 reviews)
Afgelopen 30 dagen zijn er 59063 samenvattingen verkocht
Opgericht in 2010, al 15 jaar dé plek om samenvattingen te kopen