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AQA GCSE Geography Glacial Landscapes Summary Notes
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AQA GCSE Geography Glacial Landscapes Summary Notes from Hodder textbook Concise, detailed, easy-to-revise Contains all case studies and examples
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Voorbeeld van de inhoud
Glacial landscapes- Glaciers are large bodies of ice that flow slowly from highland to lowland areas
- Glacial ice is formed from layers of snow falling every year, and being compressed
Ice erosion
Plucking:
o As a glacier moves through a valley, pressure is exerted on the sides and bottom of
the valley
o This generates friction and heat, causing the edges of the glacier to melt a bit
o This meltwater freezes around rocks and stones under the glacier
o As the glacier moves forward, it plucks this ice, pulling the rock away
Abrasion:
o Parts of rocks, stones and boulders stuck in the ice, grind against the rock below the
glacier wearing it way
o After a lot of plucking, rocks and boulders become embedding in the ice, increasing
abrasion
Freeze-thaw weathering
- Water seeps into cracks in rock face
- Temperature falls at night, so water freezes
- Water expands by 10% as ice, which puts pressure on surrounding rock, prising it apart and
causing the crack to widen
- This repeats, and over time large blocks of rocks are broken
Glacial movement and sediments
How do glaciers move?
1) Accumulation of snow in north-facing, shady hollows- forms glacier ice
2) Weight of ice causes it flow over the lip of the hollow and down the mountainside
3) Surface of glacier cracks as glacier moves across uneven valley floor- deep crevasses form
4) Glacier ice slides over underlying rock on a layer of meltwater (basal flow)
5) As glacier moves downhill, valley is eroded by plucking and abrasion, so large amounts of
rock fragments left on the valley floor- ground moraine
6) In warmer lowland climate, ice melts and rock debris is deposited (moraine)
7) End point of glacier is snout, and meltwater + rock flows beyond the snout so debris is
carried far from the snout
How does a glacier transport material?
Snout bulldozes material
Material carried on the surface of the water
Freeze-thaw weathering takes place on mountainsides above the glacier, so rock becomes
detached and falls
Material carried inside the glacier:
o Rocks that have been plucked
o Rocks fall into deep crevasses at the surface of the glacier, and material builds up
Why does glacial deposition take place?
- Meltwater rivers transport material out of the snout- called glacial outwash
- Glacial outwash can be rounded + small because of attrition
, - Constant transport of new, debris-laden ice into lowland areas results in widespread
deposition of all eroded and weathered material from uplands that glacier has carried
- Dumped material is glacial till
Landforms resulting from ice erosion
Pyramidal peak
o This is a three-sided, pointed mountain peak
o Formed when three or more back-to-back glaciers carve away at the top of a
mountain, creating a sharply pointed mountain summit
Arête
o Arêtes are knife-edge, steep-sided ridges
o Formed when two glaciers flow back-to-back
o As each glacier erode either side of the ridge, the edges become steeper and the
ridge narrower, giving the arête its jagged profile
Corrie
o Corries are formed in hollows where snow accumulates, usually on a north facing
slope
o Formed when the glacial ice moves through gravity, rotational slip, and sheer mass
of the ice
o Ice freezes on the back wall of the hollow and as the ice moves, it plucks the rock
out, which steepens the back wall
o Freeze-thaw, plucking and abrasion further erodes the hollow into a rounded, steep-
sided 'armchair' shape with a lip at the bottom end
Tarn
o A mountain pool or lake in a corrie after the glacier has melted
o Because of the corrie lip at the bottom end, the meltwater is held in place and a
circular body of water is formed
Glacial trough/U-shaped valley
o Glacial troughs are steep-sided valleys with a flat floor
o They start as V-shaped river valleys but due to the size and weight of the glacial ice it
changes to a U shape as the glacier erodes the sides and bottom making the valley
deeper and wider
Truncated spur
o Truncated spurs are past interlocking spur edges of past river action that have been
cut-off forming cliff-like edges on the valley side
o Found between hanging valleys and are an inverted 'V' shape
o Formed when past ridges/spurs are cut off by the lower valley glacier as it moves
past
Hanging valley
o These are small tributary glaciers found 'hanging' above the main valley floor
o When melting occurs, there are waterfalls onto the valley floor
Ribbon lake
o As a glacier flows it travels over hard and softer rock
o Softer rock is less resistant to erosion, so a glacier will carve a deeper trough over
this type of rock
o When the glacier has melted, water collects in these deeper areas
o This creates a long, thin lake called a ribbon lake
o The areas of harder rock left behind are called rock steps
Landforms resulting from ice transport and deposition
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