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Non-verbal communication
Literature notes
880206-M-6
2023 BLOK4
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Table of contents
Cartmill 2022: Gesture........................................................................................................................2
Halletal2019: Nonverbal Communication...........................................................................................4
Levinson_holler2014: The origin of human multi-model communication..........................................7
Daeletal2012: Emotion expression in body action and posture.......................................................13
Meheutal2015: Emotion Categories and Dimensions in the Facial Communication of Affect: An
Integrated Approach........................................................................................................................15
Gendronetal2018: Universality Reconsidered: Diversity in making meaning of facial expressions. .19
Keltneretal2019: Emotional Expression; Advances in Basic Emotion Theory...................................21
Swerskrahmer2007: The effects of visual beats on prosodic prominence: Acoustic analyses,
auditory perception and visual perception.......................................................................................25
Goldin-Meadow&Brentari2017: Gesture, sign and language: The coming of age of sign language
and gesture studies..........................................................................................................................29
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Cartmill 2022: Gesture
Erica A. Cartmill
Did not have time to finish this article, so only
summarized the introduction and conclusion
Introduction
Gesture movements of the hand that occur in the context of communication, though it may also
include movements of the head and body.
Different gesture types:
1. Emblem: conventional meaning of how they should be produced (e.g. OK sign, thumps up).
2. Deictic: direct attention to specific locations (e.g. toward objects or people in the
environment).
3. Beat: rhythmic movements of the hands/ body that align with and highlight the prosody of
speech.
4. Representational: either iconic (mimic an aspect of shape, size, or movement) or metaphoric
(resemble iconic gestures, of concepts or abstract ideas without physical forms).
(^ see table page 3)
Representational gestures are what many people think of when they think of gestures. These are the
fluid, often complex movements used to illustrate objects, actions, or ideas.
Pointing is the most ubiquitous form of gesture and the most studies. Heated debates exist over
whether humans are the only species capable of pointing and whether pointing is a human universal.
Gesture almost always accompanies speech. Gesture is not only produced during speech; it is
intimately entwined with speech on temporal and semantic levels.
Conclusion
Gesture:
- Forms an integral part of human language
- and thought starting in early childhood;
- it reflects and reinforces cultural and individual identities (how?:in article);
- has been part of the human story since before the dawn of our species.
There is much room from growth in anthropological studies of gesture.
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Expectation: become increasingly commonplace over the next 25 years: Advances in computer vision
and machine learning promise to transform gesture transcription by automating some aspects of the
laborious hand-coding process.
Making gesture part of standard transcription practices and reducing the transcription burden will
encourage more researchers to embrace gesture (increasing methodological and theoretical diversity
in the field)
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Halletal2019: Nonverbal Communication
Judith A. Hall · Terrence G. Horgan · Nora A. Murphy
Introduction
With roots in communication studies and psychology, the study of NVC is an interdisciplinary topic
that is applicable across many domains, including medicine, business, and criminal justice, as well as
everyday social life.
The complex relationship between nonverbal and verbal behavior impacts the thought and language
processes of a sender and the inferences drawn by a perceiver.
Theoretical distinction can be drawn between the terms NVC (non verbal communication) and NVB
(nonverbal behavior). But researchers use the term interchangeably. And most see it as integrated
system.
The NVC field is advancing rapidly, as a lot of studies researched a part of it (like e.g. nonconscious
processes or facial expressions).
This review focusbehavior that is encoded (sent, enacted, or otherwise revealed), and second
behavior that is decoded by perceivers (includes both the inferences drawn by perceivers and the
accuracy of those inferences). The distinction between these is heuristic (because the definitions of
what a cue means, might be based on how its recipients decode it).
Encoding: The cues that are sent
Cues that are seen. The informational value of sender cues is an important line of basic research
within the domain of non-verbal encoding. Cues that are visible to the perceiver and have potential
informational values as markers for social categorization individual identity, biological sex and
gender (way the body moves), psychological and developmental problems (e.g. greater pitch
variability of autism children), social and personality attributes.
Cues that are heard. A sender’s vocal cues (paralanguage) and words often parallel each other in
meaning, but also may disambiguate, clarify, or contradict (e.g. sarcasm) the spoken words. Cues that
are heard (vocal cues) target qualities (adapt to situation sender is in, e.g. more softly in library),
provide clues to senders’ cognitive factors, senders’ motivation, mating (info about their sexual
orientation, maturity, or fitness), status, affective and mood states, socioeconomic, regional and
cultural factors.
