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Summary Psychopathology Notes - AQA Psychology AS/ A-level
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Notes of paper 1 psychopathology. Includes AO1 and AO3
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Psychopathology Notes:Definitions of abnormality:
Deviation from social norms
- A social norm is a behaviour or a belief that most people within society stick to.
- Psychologists use deviation from social norms as a basis for defining someone as normal.
- Psychopath is impulsive, aggressive, and irresponsible.
- Evaluation:
Social norms change over time. Focusing on how an individual chooses to deviate from
social norms can lead severely restrict their freedom of choice.
Social norms are culturally specific. They differ between any two groups with a different
culture, including different ethnic, regional and socio-economic groups, and different
generations within the same community. E.g., experiences with schizophrenia in India
schizophrenia is seen as a good thing however we have a different view in the UK.
Failure to Function Adequately:
- Another way to define behaviour as abnormal is to look at whether the person can function
in ‘normal’ life.
- This definition looks at a person’s well-being and how they live.
- Rosenhan and Seligman proposed some signs that could indicate a person is not functioning
adequately:
o When a person no longer conforms to standard interpersonal rules e.g., maintaining
eye contact
o When a person experiences severe personal distress
o When a person’s behaviour becomes irrational.
- A person becomes abnormal when they can no longer cope with the tasks of day-to-day
living.
The GAF Scale is a Global Assessment of Functioning measuring how well someone is functioning.
Evaluation:
- The GAF Scale method considers the individual’s well-being rather than imposing our
standards on them. This can be useful in planning treatment (especially with how much
support the patient needs).
- It is a subjective method of assessment
o Is still a biased assessment method
o Some people may seem abnormal when they are not – they’re just expressing
themselves.
Statistical Infrequency:
- We can show if someone is abnormal by the number of times, we see that behaviour.
- Any common behaviour can be seen as normal in this definition.
- This is a good method when dealing with behaviours that can be reliably measured.
Evaluation:
, - Just because behaviour is unusual doesn’t mean it needs treatment.
o E.g., high intelligence is infrequent but does not require treatment.
- Some disorders are statistically frequent but still classed as abnormal
o EG depression – 1 in 10 females and 1 in 25 males suffer from depression at some
point in their lives.
Deviation from ideal mental health:
- We have to look at what makes good psychological health before considering what poor
psychological health looks like.
- Jahoda created a criterion for good mental health
o Positive attitude towards the self
o Self-actualisation
o Autonomy
o Resistance to stress
o Environmental mastery
o Accurate perception of reality
Evaluation:
- Jahoda’s criteria remain important in clinical practice showing it has temporal validity.
- Cultural relativism
o Different cultures value different behaviours
o Different countries value independence differently.
- This is a more positive and holistic approach to diagnosis
o More well-being focussed and helping people become better than versions of
themselves.
Behavioural, Emotional, and cognitive characteristics of phobias, depression and obsessive-
compulsive disorder
Phobias:
- Anxiety disorders.
- A fear will become a phobia when it negatively impacts a person’s everyday life.
Behavioural Characteristics: avoidance behaviours
Emotional Characteristics: intense fear and emotional upset
Cognitive Characteristics: aware of irrational thoughts and they are unable to control their
obsessive thoughts.
Depression:
- Mood disorder
- Prolonged and fundamental disturbance of mood and emotion.
- Around 5% of Britain has suffered from depression
- For someone to be suffering from clinical depression a patient will have experienced over 5
of the symptoms and a persistent low mood for over 2 weeks.
Behavioural
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