Hi, the following documents are notes of IB Geography. The following documents are divided into 3, each covering each IB Geography examination paper - 1, 2 and 3 fully. The notes contain a full comprehensive examination of all components of the IB Geography syllabus. It is also that the notes were ...
Paper 1 – UE, TLS, FH
Key Terminology
Urban Area A built up area that forms part of a city or town
Informal/formal activities informal activities are untaxed, unregulated jobs whereas the formal
economy refers to taxed regulated activities such as people working in offices and factories.
Suburbanization The outward growth of towns and cities to engulf surrounding villages and rural areas
Gentrification Improvement of residential areas by immigrants and the residents themselves, with an
economic dimension such as the development of retailing and other services
Counter-urbanization A process involving the movement of population away from larger urban areas to
smaller urban areas, new towns, new estates, commuter towns, or villages on the edge or just beyond
the city limits or the rural-urban fringe.
Re-urbanization/urban renewal The development of activities to increase residential population
densities within the existing built-up area of a city.
Urban circular system A sustainable city in which there are recycling, reuse and reduction of resources
renewable forms of energy, and measures taken to reduce the ecological footprint.
Urban ecological footprint The amount of land required to sustain a population with the resources they
need, and to assimilate their waste.
Urbanisation The growth in the urban sector, which includes the building of infrastructure, cutting down
of green areas – forests, for the purpose of increasing the ratio of urban beings in an area.
Urban Growth It is defined as the rate at which the population of an urban area increases, which results
from urbanization.
Function The dominant industry activity, for example mining or financial centre. It may also refer to the
dominant use of a building, e.g. bank
Hierarchy The order of settlement by type. It shows the importance of functions and their frequency
Land Use The dominant pattern of use for an area or district of a settlement. For example, a commercial
zone or a residential zone. It can also be substituted for function of buildings
Megacity A city with a population larger than 10 million people
Site The physical and human characteristics of a location, it can be used in reference to an entire
settlement or specific function
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,Situation Describes the location of a settlement in relation to important physical features,
communication routes as well as other settlements and so locates it within a regional context.
Sphere of influence The area surrounding a function/settlement from which people would travel tp
use/visit the function/settlement
Spontaneous settlements The process of unplanned urban growth through people building informal
houses and slums
Urban sprawl The outward growth of a settlement.
Conurbation Large urban areas such as cities offer a wide range of goods and services
Millionaire city A city with more than 1 million people
Metacity it describes large-scale city regions where a number of cities merge
Megalopolis Where cities sprawl and merge into one
Sulphurous Smog Also known as London smog, it develops due to high concentration of sulfur dioxide in
the air, with this gas being an air pollutant, with it being released by burning sulfur bearing fossil fuels
e.g. coal. Naturally volcanoes also emit sulfur dioxide in the atmosphere.
Photochemical Smog It is a mixture of pollutants that are formed when nitrogen oxides and volatile
organic compounds (VOCs) react to sunlight, creating a brown haze above cities.
Urban Micro-climate The local climate observed in an urban area, which can be significantly different
from the climate of surrounding rural areas
Transport Performance Index (TPI) The total cost of transportation system (operation and
environmental costs) / willingness to pay (WTP) + willingness to accept (WTA) the environmental effects
on residents
Anthropogenic Heat Sources Heat released to the atmosphere as a result of human activities, often
involving combustion of fuels, sources including industrial plants, space heating and cooling, human
metabolism and vehicle exhausts
Range The maximum distance that people are prepared to travel for a good or service
Threshold The minimum number of people required for a good or service to stay in the business
Low-order goods Necessity goods or convenience goods bought frequently, such as bread, newspapers
High-order goods Luxury or shopping goods bought or used infrequently, e.g., watches, cars
Sphere of influence The area served by a settlement, also called a hinterland
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,Deindustrialization is the long-term, absolute decline in employment in the manufacturing sectors of an
economy. It refers to a loss of jobs rather than a decline in productivity.
Leisure Any freely chosen activity or experience that takes place in non-work time. It includes sport,
recreation and tourism
Recreation A leisure-time activity undertaken voluntarily and for enjoyment. It includes individual
pursuits, organized outings and events, and non-paid (non-professional) sports
Sport A physical activity involving events and competitions at the national and international scale with
professional participants
Tourism Travel away from home for at least one night for the purpose of leisure. The definition excludes
day trips – some of which may be international trips. There are many possible subdivisions of tourism,
including ecotourism
Sustainable Tourism Tourism that conserves primary tourist resources and supports the livelihoods and
culture of the local people
Global Commons Resources that are outside the reach of any one nation, for example the oceans, the
atmosphere and Antarctica. Global commons may be exploited or degraded and so need to be managed
carefully
Niche Tourism Special interest tourism catering for small numbers of people who are crowd intolerant.
It is usually concerned with sustainability than mass tourism
Ecotourism A green and alternative form of tourism that aims to preserve the environment by managing
it responsibly and sustainably
Domestic Tourism Tourism within the country of residency
International Tourism Tourism outside the country of residency
Day trips (day tourism) Visits to places of interest without staying overnight
Mass tourism or package holiday Large-scale tourism when flights, accommodation, tours and transfers
are booked together and often part of a group
Heritage Tourism Tourism based on historic legacy as its main focus – historical buildings
Honeypot A location that attracts a large number of tourists
Economic Leakage Money that is lost from a tourist destination. This money is often taken ocerseas by
TNCs
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, Medical Tourism When people travel to other countries to undergo medical procedures. This is done
either because medical standards are better in the destination or because medical treatment is cheaper
in the destination
Primary tourist/recreational resources Pre-existing tourist attractions that often exist naturally
Secondary tourist/recreational resources Facilities that have been purposefully built for tourists
Safari Tourism that goes to view wildlife in its natural habitat. Safaris are very common in Africa
Resorts A settlement where the primary function is tourism. Resorts are normally associated with the
coast. Large hotel complexes are considered to be resorts
Sports Tours Trips that either go to play sport or view sport
Health Spas Hotels or resorts that tourists visit the heath treatments. This may include massages,
detoxes or mud treatments
All-inclusive When tourists pay a hotel complex one price which includes all meals, drinks,
entertainment, activities, all-inclusive holidays are very common in the Mediterranean and the
Caribbean
Low-cost (budget) airlines Airlines that offer cheaper than normal flights, by removing add ons like
airport check-in, in flight meals, checked baggage and pre-selected seats
Carrying Capacity The maximum number of visitors/participants that a site/event can satisfy at one
time. It is customary to distinguish between
Environmental carrying capacity (the maximum number before the local
environment becomes damaged)
Perceptual carrying capacity (The maximum number before a specific group of
visitors considers the level of impact, such as noise to be excessive)
Hotspot This an area of intense leisure activities that attract above average number of visitors. Tourists
are attracted to these areas because they have primary and secondary resources and they are accessible
Adventure Tourism This is type of niche tourism whereby the tourists travel to remote areas or
physically challenging environments that are sometimes to tourists
Chronic Hunger Long-term hunger caused by a lack of food over a long timescale
Periodic Hunger Temporary hunger that is caused by a short-term decline in food intake
Malnutrition Having a diet that lacks proper nutrition, caused by not having enough to eat or not
enough good-quality food
Epidemiology The study of diseases
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