Samenvatting
Samenvatting Interaction Society and Space
Samenvatting Interaction Society and Space
[Meer zien]Voorbeeld 3 van de 25 pagina's
Voorbeeld 3 van de 25 pagina's
In winkelwagengesponsord bericht van onze partner
Verkoper
Volgen
Voorbeeld van de inhoud
Interaction, Society & Space – summaryWeek 2
Reynald: Translating CPTED into Crime Preventative Action: A Critical Examination
of CPTED as a Tool for Active Guardianship
- CPTED: crime prevention through environmental design
o Modify aspects of physical and social environment that provide opportunities
which enable crime, blocking these opportunities, reducing & preventing crime
o Context of the crime problem (crime, location, timing) etc. must be considered
to generate an effective solution (not generalizable/copy-paste)
o This paper: opportunities for inhabitants to protect their space
- CPTED and natural surveillance
o Formal organized: shop keepers, parking lot attendants, security guards
o Mechanical surveillance: CCTV & lighting
o Informal surveillance: watchfulness of residents
o Natural surveillance: capacity of physical design to provide surveillance
opportunities for residents and their agents
- Observing natural surveillance, territoriality & image in practice
o Measuring sightlines between private and public space
Any obstructions?
o Observing active surveillance by people
o Positive correlation between surveillance opportunities & crime prevention
o Territoriality: delineate private from public space (physical & symbolic)
Negative correlation between territoriality & natural surveillance
Ambiguity
o Conceptual issues
, o Study found: houses with more physical obstacles
(which result in territoriality) > more burglars
o But also: study found that physical barriers more
concealment more attractive to rob
o Image/maintenance of the area
Well maintained controlled by residents (signal)
More aesthetic surroundings more natural surveillance
Not well maintained less participation/citizen involvement (less
natural surveillance)
Influencing access + local land-use planning/Jacobs
- The context of natural surveillance (neighbourhood contextual factors)
o Inhabitants perception of residential context
Dependent on crime, income & ethnic composition levels
o Thus: having opportunities to carry out natural surveillance does not
necessarily mean that residents will use them to supervise their surroundings
Jane Jacobs: the Death and Life of American Cities
- Chapter 2: side-walks: safety
o Streets and side-walks= main public spaces in cities
Safety
Not caused by attendance of police
Not caused by spreading people out over the city
How to keep streets save?
o Demarcation public-private space
o Eyes upon the street: people are ‘policing’
o Sidewalks must be used continuously
How to keep people on the street?
o Stores, bars, restaurants: enterprises
Enterprises want a clean/safe sidewalk
People visit during various times a day
People are an attraction for people
How to live in unsafe cities?
o Let danger hold sway
o Take refuge in the car
o Turf
o Protect your part of the city
In low-income neighbourhoods: gangs/gang wars
Middle/high income: fencing of the
neighbourhood (no trespassing allowed!)
Diversity= means to an end
- Chapter 7: generators of diversity
o Critique: current planning is use-by-use planning
, o Cities are drivers of diversity
Small manufacturers dependent on a lot of other entrepreneurs
proximity pays of
Effective economic pools of use
Opportunities for trade, cultural facilities & entertainment niche
market concentration of people
o Drivers of diversity:
>1 primary function
Short blocks
Mingle buildings
Sufficiently dense concentration of people
- Chapter 8: need for mixed primary uses
o Who visits enterprises?
Workers, residents, people who want a change of scenery
o How can many businesses survive? spread of people throughout the day
(constant traffic)
o 2 kinds of diversity:
Primary use= bringing people to a specific place because they are
anchorages
Secondary diversity= enterprises that grow in response of primary use
o Downtowns CBD’s too little people past working hours
o Cultural/civic centres concentrate/isolate uses
o Planning role= permit and encourage mixture of uses
But, how to infuse work into residential grey areas?
- Chapter 9: the need for small blocks
o More blocks more feasible spots for commerce
Why?
People can pool their support in more than 1 (mega long block)
stream, thus a better distribution of services, economic
opportunity and public life
o Commerce depends on a large cross-section of passing
public (large mixture of users)
More diversity in streets (if, not thwarted by
repressive zoning or regimented building)
Orthodox planning= streets are wasteful
- Chapter 10: the need for aged buildings
o Only businesses that can pay to be housed in new construction; limited; chains
(big brands highly standardized)
o New construction needs old construction; enterprises housed in the old
(small/interesting); keep the environment lively, exiting, convenient, so that
people are willing to shop there
o Critiqued: monopoly shopping: new (suburban) development where only 1
store restaurant is introduced to avoid competition
- Chapter 11: the need for concentration
o Decentralization: low population density
Thus: available amenities= those required by the majority
Voordelen van het kopen van samenvattingen bij Stuvia op een rij:
Verzekerd van kwaliteit door reviews
Stuvia-klanten hebben meer dan 700.000 samenvattingen beoordeeld. Zo weet je zeker dat je de beste documenten koopt!
Snel en makkelijk kopen
Je betaalt supersnel en eenmalig met iDeal, creditcard of Stuvia-tegoed voor de samenvatting. Zonder lidmaatschap.
Focus op de essentie
Samenvattingen worden geschreven voor en door anderen. Daarom zijn de samenvattingen altijd betrouwbaar en actueel. Zo kom je snel tot de kern!
Veelgestelde vragen
Wat krijg ik als ik dit document koop?
Je krijgt een PDF, die direct beschikbaar is na je aankoop. Het gekochte document is altijd, overal en oneindig toegankelijk via je profiel.
Tevredenheidsgarantie: hoe werkt dat?
Onze tevredenheidsgarantie zorgt ervoor dat je altijd een studiedocument vindt dat goed bij je past. Je vult een formulier in en onze klantenservice regelt de rest.
Van wie koop ik deze samenvatting?
Stuvia is een marktplaats, je koop dit document dus niet van ons, maar van verkoper thijsperik1. Stuvia faciliteert de betaling aan de verkoper.
Zit ik meteen vast aan een abonnement?
Nee, je koopt alleen deze samenvatting voor €6,49. Je zit daarna nergens aan vast.
Is Stuvia te vertrouwen?
4,6 sterren op Google & Trustpilot (+1000 reviews)
Afgelopen 30 dagen zijn er 67474 samenvattingen verkocht
Opgericht in 2010, al 14 jaar dé plek om samenvattingen te kopen