Summary TUe (6A2X0) Introduction to Organic Chemistry and Chemical Technology Full Revision Notes (Chemistry Part) 15th June 2023
0 keer bekeken 0 keer verkocht
Vak
CHEM CHEM211
Instelling
The University Of Bradford (UoB)
Boek
Organic Chemistry
Lewis dot structures
Dots are used to represent the electrons in the valence shell of atoms, and covalent
bonding is indicated by pairs of electrons placed between atoms. Multiple bonds are
represented with multiple pairs of electrons. Note that non-bonding lone pairs should be
included.
Organic Chemistry - Seventh edition Paula Y. Bruice -Remembering General Chemistry: Electronic Structure and Bonding
samenvatting organische chemie (organic chemistry) nederlands, Bruice 7e druk
Alles voor dit studieboek
(3)
Geschreven voor
The University of Bradford (UoB)
Onbekend
CHEM CHEM211
Alle documenten voor dit vak (1)
Verkoper
Volgen
Hayleymeghan21
Ontvangen beoordelingen
Voorbeeld van de inhoud
lOMoARcPSD|3123532
Organic Chemistry - Lecture notes - Chem261 Notes
Organic Chemistry (University of Alberta)
StuDocu is not sponsored or endorsed by any college or university
Downloaded by Randy Davila (randydavila117@yahoo.com)
, lOMoARcPSD|3123532
Chemistry 261 W2015 Lecture Notes I
CH EM 2 6 1 – I nt roduc t ory Orga nic Che m ist ry I
Cla ss N ot e s
Instructor: Christopher Cairo
University of Alberta
Department of Chemistry
CAIRO – University of Alberta 1
Downloaded by Randy Davila (randydavila117@yahoo.com)
, lOMoARcPSD|3123532
Chemistry 261 W2015 Lecture Notes I
Table of Contents
I . I nt roduc t ion a nd re vie w ....................................................................... 6
Organic Chemistry ....................................................................................................... 6
Atomic Structure - The Atomic Model .......................................................................... 7
Atomic Structure – Orbitals .......................................................................................... 7
Formal Charge ........................................................................................................... 11
Resonance ................................................................................................................ 13
Resonance Forms ..................................................................................................... 13
Formal Charges in Resonance Forms ....................................................................... 15
Some notes on Drawing Organic Structures: ............................................................. 11
Acids and Bases - Brønsted-Lowry (BL) Theory ........................................................ 16
Prediction of Direction of Acid-Base Reactions From pKa’s ....................................... 18
Acids and Bases in Aqueous Media .......................................................................... 19
Prediction of Acid Strength – Factors Influencing Acidity........................................... 21
Inductive effects ......................................................................................................... 22
Atom hybridization ..................................................................................................... 23
Acids and Bases - Lewis Definition ............................................................................ 23
I I . St ruc t ure a nd prope rt ie s of orga nic m ole c ule s ................................ 2 5
Chemical Bonding...................................................................................................... 25
Rules for forming Molecular Orbitals (MO) ................................................................ 29
Hybridization of Orbitals............................................................................................. 30
Structure of Ethane - CH3CH3 .................................................................................... 31
Structure of Ethylene (CH2=CH2) ............................................................................... 31
Structure of Acetylene (HCCH) ................................................................................ 33
Effect of Hybridization on Bond Lengths and Strengths............................................. 34
Hybridization of Nitrogen, Oxygen and Boron ............................................................ 34
VSEPR Model ............................................................................................................ 37
Physical Properties of Organic Molecules ................................................................. 37
Important Intermolecular Interactions ........................................................................ 37
Influence of Intermolecular Interactions on Physical Properties ................................ 39
Water solubility – trends. ........................................................................................... 41
Functional Groups ..................................................................................................... 42
Summary of Common Functional Groups .................................................................. 42
Alkyl Groups .............................................................................................................. 44
R groups .................................................................................................................... 44
Further Classification of Functional Groups Based on Degree of Substitution .......... 44
I I I . I nfra re d Spe c t rosc opy ...................................................................... 4 6
Absorption Spectroscopy ........................................................................................... 46
Infrared (IR) Spectroscopy ......................................................................................... 47
General IR Absorption Trends ................................................................................... 48
Spectral Regions ....................................................................................................... 48
Important Absorptions................................................................................................ 48
Effect of Structure on Carbonyl Stretching Absorption............................................... 49
Representative IR Spectra ......................................................................................... 52
CAIRO – University of Alberta 2
Downloaded by Randy Davila (randydavila117@yahoo.com)
, lOMoARcPSD|3123532
Chemistry 261 W2015 Lecture Notes I
I V . St ruc t ure a nd st e re oc he m ist ry of a lk a ne s ...................................... 5 5
Alkanes ...................................................................................................................... 55
Classification of alkanes ............................................................................................ 55
Alkyl Groups .............................................................................................................. 57
Naming of Alkanes..................................................................................................... 58
Nomenclature of Alkyl Halides ................................................................................... 59
Nomenclature of Alcohols .......................................................................................... 60
Cycloalkanes ............................................................................................................. 60
Nomenclature of Cycloalkanes .................................................................................. 61
Cis/Trans Isomers...................................................................................................... 61
Nomenclature of Alkenes ........................................................................................... 62
Nomenclature of Alkynes ........................................................................................... 63
Properties of Alkanes................................................................................................. 64
Synthesis of Alkanes ................................................................................................. 66
Conformations of Ethane (CH3CH3) ........................................................................... 66
Conformations of Propane (CH3CH2CH3) .................................................................. 67
Conformations of Butane (CH3CH2CH2CH3) .............................................................. 69
Conformations and Stability of Cycloalkanes ............................................................. 71
Ring Strain ................................................................................................................. 71
Conformation of Cyclopropane .................................................................................. 71
Conformation of Cyclobutane .................................................................................... 72
Conformation of Cyclopentane .................................................................................. 72
Measuring conformational energy.............................................................................. 73
Conformation of Cyclohexane ................................................................................... 74
Conformations of Substituted Cyclohexanes ............................................................. 75
Bicyclic Compounds .................................................................................................. 78
V . T he st udy of c he m ic a l re a c t ions ....................................................... 8 0
General Types of Organic Reactions ......................................................................... 80
Why and How do reactions happen? ......................................................................... 80
Reaction Mechanisms ............................................................................................... 81
Types of Bond Cleavage and Bond Formation .......................................................... 81
Reaction Equilibria and Rates ................................................................................... 82
Reaction Thermodynamics ........................................................................................ 82
Reaction Kinetics ....................................................................................................... 84
Radical Generation .................................................................................................... 87
Reactions of Radicals – General Types..................................................................... 87
Radical Halogenation of Alkanes – Chain Reactions ................................................. 88
Reactive intermediates .............................................................................................. 92
V I . St e re oc he m ist ry ............................................................................... 9 3
Designation of Double Bond Stereochemistry ........................................................... 93
E/Z Nomenclature of Alkenes .................................................................................... 93
Enantiomers .............................................................................................................. 95
Examples of enantiomers. ......................................................................................... 96
Chirality ...................................................................................................................... 97
Specific Rotation ........................................................................................................ 98
R/S Nomenclature of Stereogenic Centers ................................................................ 99
CAIRO – University of Alberta 3
Downloaded by Randy Davila (randydavila117@yahoo.com)
Voordelen van het kopen van samenvattingen bij Stuvia op een rij:
Verzekerd van kwaliteit door reviews
Stuvia-klanten hebben meer dan 700.000 samenvattingen beoordeeld. Zo weet je zeker dat je de beste documenten koopt!
Snel en makkelijk kopen
Je betaalt supersnel en eenmalig met iDeal, creditcard of Stuvia-tegoed voor de samenvatting. Zonder lidmaatschap.
Focus op de essentie
Samenvattingen worden geschreven voor en door anderen. Daarom zijn de samenvattingen altijd betrouwbaar en actueel. Zo kom je snel tot de kern!
Veelgestelde vragen
Wat krijg ik als ik dit document koop?
Je krijgt een PDF, die direct beschikbaar is na je aankoop. Het gekochte document is altijd, overal en oneindig toegankelijk via je profiel.
Tevredenheidsgarantie: hoe werkt dat?
Onze tevredenheidsgarantie zorgt ervoor dat je altijd een studiedocument vindt dat goed bij je past. Je vult een formulier in en onze klantenservice regelt de rest.
Van wie koop ik deze samenvatting?
Stuvia is een marktplaats, je koop dit document dus niet van ons, maar van verkoper Hayleymeghan21. Stuvia faciliteert de betaling aan de verkoper.
Zit ik meteen vast aan een abonnement?
Nee, je koopt alleen deze samenvatting voor €8,35. Je zit daarna nergens aan vast.
