This is a summary of all medical diseases included in the course Clinical Health Psychology in Medical Science. Psychological problems that may occur and interventions for those problems are described after each disease. Information is used from the book and the slides. At the end of the document, ...
Cancer:
- Uncontrolled cell growth
- invading other tissues/organs
- impairing body functions
- avoiding apoptosis
- T=tumour size
- N=whether cancer has spread to lymph nodes
- M=whether cancer is spread to other body parts
Stages
- 0- cancer remains within the cell
- I- cancer is localized to primary tissue/organ where it originated
- II- larger cancer but remains within the organ/tissue
- III- cancer has spread to regional lymph node
- IV-metastasis
- Anderson’s bio behavioral model of cancer: 1) preexisting psychosocial factors and
2) diagnosis and treatment factors
- Leukemia, Lymphoma and myeloma- hematologic malignancies
- Lymphoma = a form of cancer of the lymphatic system (5% of cancer diagnoses).
Two most common being Hodgkin’s lymphoma (HL) and non- Hodgkin’s lymphoma
(NHL).
- HL = a form of cancer that starts with lymphocytes.
- NHL = a form of cancer that starts in lymph nodes and lymphatic tissue. This can
be divided again into indolent or aggressive.
- Myeloma = cancer affecting plasma cells in the bone marrow, lifetime risk
is ± 1 in 143 among men and women. Overall 5-year survival rate is 43%. When
multiple sites affected multiple myeloma. This is the most common form of myeloma,
it is incurable.
- Sarcoma- Sarcoma is the general term for a broad group of cancers that begin in
the bones and in the soft (also called connective) tissues (soft tissue sarcoma)
- Carcinoma- the most common type of cancer. It begins in the epithelial tissue of the
skin, or in the tissue that lines internal organs, such as the liver or kidneys.
Psychological functioning and treatments :
- moderate or increasing level of denial: consistently related to improvement
patient- related physical outcomes
- Before diagnosis: insecurity, distress, depressive symptoms
Diagnosis: Numbness, despair, upset
Treatment: loss of control, loss of autonomy
After treatment: fear of recurrence, relief
- Psychological interventions:
- CBSM (cognitive-behavioral stress management): improvement on QoL,
physical and emotional well-being, benefit finding, sexual dysfunction and
urinary incontinence
- Psychoeducation for improving QoL
- Couples interventions: Including the spouse in psychosocial interventions
may influence relationship intimacy by promoting effective communication
between the couple, facilitating discussion of uncomfortable topics and
through encouraging the exploration of alternative methods of sexual
expression.
,HIV/AIDS
- HIV attacks immune system
- HIV causative agent for acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS)
- incurable
Immune system
- B cells- produces antibodies and fights infections
- T cells- protects people from getting sick
- HIV infects CD4+ (T-helper cells)
- once infected, the CD4+ cell turns into a HIV-replicating cell (HIV requires a host cell
to stay alive and replicate)
- Fast decrease during the 1st 12-18 months of infection by ⅓
- second fast decrease: onset of AIDS
- AIDS- more T suppressor cells than T-helper cells- suppressing the immune system
4 stages
1. 2-4 weeks- usually asymptomatic
2. on average 28 days; may include symptoms, but people do not think it is HIV
3. Latency stage: few or no symptoms; can last between 2 weeks and 20 years
4. AIDS
- HAART therapy: customized combination of different classes of medications that a
physician prescribes based on such factors as the patient’s viral load; a lot of side
effects
Psychotherapies:
- CBT: does not improve clinical outcome but has positive effect on depression
and adherence
- Stress management interventions
- Disclosure and stress management
- MBI: potentially slowing the HIV progression
- targeting disease management skills to improve adherence
- Interventions to improve coping skills- helps for living well with HIV
- behavioral therapies to reduce sexual risk behaviors
- Antiretroviral therapy for infected partner and pre-exposure prophylaxis for the
uninfected partner
- Group therapies
- CBT
- Coping effectiveness training: improving positive psychological states and
decreasing distress
Young and ill
- Diseases and children
- Common chronic conditions age 0-11:
- Asthma
- Eczema
- Abdominal pain
- Constipation
- Common chronic conditions age 12-18:
- Asthma
- Headache/migraine
- Abdominal pain
, - Problems connected with being ill at a young age
- Children have to go through normal developmental stages and tasks, like puberty,
school related responsibilities, social integration
- But in addition they go through illness related tasks: learning to live with pain and
limitations/dealing with doctors and hospital regimes
- The most common psychological disorders in this group are:
- Anxiety disorders such as separation anxiety disorder or phobia
- Somatic symptoms
- Depression (children are often not aware that they are depressed)
- Stress
- Parenting and ill children
- Psychological interventions:
- Psychoeducation
- Distraction
- Relaxation (techniques should be precise and specific, for example deep breathing,
progressive muscle relaxation; saying to the child just to relax can make the situation
worse)
- Cognitive techniques such as coping strategies and adaptive emotional regulating
strategies. Important! All techniques should match the developmental level of the
children.
- Children of chronically ill parents
Those children face additional difficulties:
- task connected with the household
- emotional support to the parent
- personal care parent
- constant hospital visit with the parent
- care for siblings
- Children are at risk of:
- parentification
- overload
- chronic stress
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