Unit 2G.1 - The rise and fall of fascism in Italy, c1911-46
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The Rise and Fall of Fascism in Italy (c.) course summary notes
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Unit 2G.1 - The rise and fall of fascism in Italy, c1911-46
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PEARSON (PEARSON)
Boek
History+ for Edexcel a Level: Nationalism, Dictatorship and Democracy in Twentieth-Century Europe
These notes act as a summarised form of the entire sub-unit course and also includes highlights for the key categories of 1. Dates, 2. Key figures and 3. Battles to help with identifying useful facts and figures.
Rise and fall of fascism in italy (c.1911-1946)
20 juli 2023
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2022/2023
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fascism
fascist italy
italy
mussolini
edexcel history
fascists
benito mussolini
1911
1946
1911 1946
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PEARSON (PEARSON)
History 2015
Unit 2G.1 - The rise and fall of fascism in Italy, c1911-46
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Voorbeeld van de inhoud
The rise and fall of fascism in Italy (1911-46)
Dates
Key figures
Battles / wars
The Liberal State- 1911-18
1.1 Italy in the early 20th century
Po valley in the North = fertile and centre of agriculture
Most industry focused around ‘Industrial Triangle’ – Milan, Genoa
and Turin
1911 = 60% of population in agri (vs 15% in UK)
No raw materials- coal, oil and steel
Only 3% of people spoke Italian (Florence)
People of the South = alienated by a civil war (1861-64) – resented
the Gov
1911 = 65% of S were illiterate vs 11% in the N- needed to be
literate to vote
0.01% of population owned 50% of the land in the S
Income was ½ of N
90% of S had no roads
Was a Parliamentary Gov – MPs were elected
PM needed support of the Chamber of Deputies and local councils
were elected
Parliament was dominated by the elite
In 1911- only 25% could vote
King did not need to refer to parliament and oversaw the army
Governments were built on bargaining and favours =
Transformismo
, 1874 Pope denounced the new state - Catholics were not to vote
in elections
GDP grew at 2.8% each year (more than UK and France)
Trade expanded and gov expenditure on infra increased industrial
production- Fiat and Pirelli expanded
Balanced the budget
Wanted to gain unredeemed lands ‘Italia Irredente’
o Trentino, S. Tyrol, Fiume and Trieste
Some objected to Triple Alliance- Austria = natural enemy
Italian army was defeated at the Battle of Adowa in 1896 - 5000
deaths and the gov was blamed
o Only European power to have lost a colonial battle
1.2 Giolitti’s Government in 1911
Gio = dominant liberal politician of the period (1900-1914 = PM 4x)
V. pragmatic – wanted to make Ita more united and secure =
moderate policies (willing to make concessions to win over as
many groups as possible)
To win over socialists-
o spending on public works increased by 50%
o Real wages increased by 40% 1900-1914
o Abolished child labour
o Legalisation of strikes and trade unions
Church was an influential force- youth and sports organisations
‘Catholic Action’
Relaxed restrictions on Church influence in schools
Convinced pope in 1909 to let Catholics vote in election
Many socialists and radical liberals were anti-clericalists (didn’t like
concessions to the Church)
, Marinetti of the Futurists- glorified violence and condemned the
comfortable life
Wanted an aggressive foreign policy- Italia Irredente and colonies
More influential in 1910 – ANI (nationalist party) was established
Wanted an authoritarian government – condemned the liberals for
compromising with the socialists
Mostly middle-class support
Invasion of Libya (1911)
o Turkey was busy with a war in the Balkans
o Reversed the shame of the battle of Adowa
1.3 Growing instability 1912-14
Invasion of Libya (1911-12)
o Italian control restricted to the coastal areas
o Nationalists claimed the war was due to their pressure, but
the PSI condemned it as imperialistic and a waste of money
that could be spent on welfare
o 3,000 Italian soldiers killed
1912 = franchise (who was able to vote) expanded
o All men who had completed military service
o All literate men over 21
o All men over 30
o Increased from 3 to 8 million
Election of 1913 - liberals = 318 of 511 seats- split between
Radicals and Catholics
Socialists = 41 to 69 seats
Nationalists = 3 seats
Giolitti resigned 1914 - needed to make a deal with the Catholics
to oppose divorce and support religious education- radicals
withdrew support
1914 = Salandra PM
, Had the support of the nationalists and wanted more aggressive
foreign policy
PSI = national strike June 1914
Radical trade unions seized factories and government buildings –
‘Red Week’
Hundreds of casualties
Troops were called in and it was crushed- lacked real organisation
PSI was less willing to work in the parliamentary system
Mussolini = editor of socialist newspaper ‘Avanti’
o Increased its circulation 4x 1912-1914
Aug 1914 – announcement of WWI – Italy declared neutrality
despite Triple Alliance
Claimed to not have been consulted by Austrians about invasion of
Serbia
Most Italians supported neutrality- little to gain, much to lose
1.4 Impact of WWI
Treaty of London - Apr 1915 = receive S. Tyrol, Trentino, Istria,
German Colonies etc
Germany = producing 20x as much steel as Italy
Socialists condemned war as capitalist conflict
Catholics were opposed to fighting other Catholics – Pope
condemned
But others thought neutrality would confirm 2 nd class status in
Europe- achieve Italia Irredente
300 Deputies supported Giolitti for neutrality- became PM
King threatened to abdicate – Enters the war 1915
Salandra resigned as PM and was replaced by Boselli 1916
Fighting was in the Alpine region
5 million men conscripted
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