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The Rise and Fall of Fascism in Italy (c.) course summary notes €9,46   In winkelwagen

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The Rise and Fall of Fascism in Italy (c.) course summary notes

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These notes act as a summarised form of the entire sub-unit course and also includes highlights for the key categories of 1. Dates, 2. Key figures and 3. Battles to help with identifying useful facts and figures.

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  • Rise and fall of fascism in italy (c.1911-1946)
  • 20 juli 2023
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  • 2022/2023
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The rise and fall of fascism in Italy (1911-46)


Dates
Key figures
Battles / wars


The Liberal State- 1911-18
1.1 Italy in the early 20th century


 Po valley in the North = fertile and centre of agriculture
 Most industry focused around ‘Industrial Triangle’ – Milan, Genoa
and Turin
 1911 = 60% of population in agri (vs 15% in UK)
 No raw materials- coal, oil and steel
 Only 3% of people spoke Italian (Florence)


 People of the South = alienated by a civil war (1861-64) – resented
the Gov
 1911 = 65% of S were illiterate vs 11% in the N- needed to be
literate to vote
 0.01% of population owned 50% of the land in the S
 Income was ½ of N
 90% of S had no roads


 Was a Parliamentary Gov – MPs were elected
 PM needed support of the Chamber of Deputies and local councils
were elected
 Parliament was dominated by the elite
 In 1911- only 25% could vote
 King did not need to refer to parliament and oversaw the army
 Governments were built on bargaining and favours =
Transformismo

,  1874 Pope denounced the new state - Catholics were not to vote
in elections


 GDP grew at 2.8% each year (more than UK and France)
 Trade expanded and gov expenditure on infra increased industrial
production- Fiat and Pirelli expanded
 Balanced the budget


 Wanted to gain unredeemed lands ‘Italia Irredente’
o Trentino, S. Tyrol, Fiume and Trieste
 Some objected to Triple Alliance- Austria = natural enemy
 Italian army was defeated at the Battle of Adowa in 1896 - 5000
deaths and the gov was blamed
o Only European power to have lost a colonial battle




1.2 Giolitti’s Government in 1911


 Gio = dominant liberal politician of the period (1900-1914 = PM 4x)
 V. pragmatic – wanted to make Ita more united and secure =
moderate policies (willing to make concessions to win over as
many groups as possible)
 To win over socialists-
o spending on public works increased by 50%
o Real wages increased by 40% 1900-1914
o Abolished child labour
o Legalisation of strikes and trade unions


 Church was an influential force- youth and sports organisations
‘Catholic Action’
 Relaxed restrictions on Church influence in schools
 Convinced pope in 1909 to let Catholics vote in election
 Many socialists and radical liberals were anti-clericalists (didn’t like
concessions to the Church)

,  Marinetti of the Futurists- glorified violence and condemned the
comfortable life
 Wanted an aggressive foreign policy- Italia Irredente and colonies
 More influential in 1910 – ANI (nationalist party) was established
 Wanted an authoritarian government – condemned the liberals for
compromising with the socialists
 Mostly middle-class support
 Invasion of Libya (1911)
o Turkey was busy with a war in the Balkans
o Reversed the shame of the battle of Adowa




1.3 Growing instability 1912-14


 Invasion of Libya (1911-12)
o Italian control restricted to the coastal areas
o Nationalists claimed the war was due to their pressure, but
the PSI condemned it as imperialistic and a waste of money
that could be spent on welfare
o 3,000 Italian soldiers killed
 1912 = franchise (who was able to vote) expanded
o All men who had completed military service
o All literate men over 21
o All men over 30
o Increased from 3 to 8 million
 Election of 1913 - liberals = 318 of 511 seats- split between
Radicals and Catholics
 Socialists = 41 to 69 seats
 Nationalists = 3 seats
 Giolitti resigned 1914 - needed to make a deal with the Catholics
to oppose divorce and support religious education- radicals
withdrew support


 1914 = Salandra PM

,  Had the support of the nationalists and wanted more aggressive
foreign policy


 PSI = national strike June 1914
 Radical trade unions seized factories and government buildings –
‘Red Week’
 Hundreds of casualties
 Troops were called in and it was crushed- lacked real organisation
 PSI was less willing to work in the parliamentary system
 Mussolini = editor of socialist newspaper ‘Avanti’
o Increased its circulation 4x 1912-1914


 Aug 1914 – announcement of WWI – Italy declared neutrality
despite Triple Alliance
 Claimed to not have been consulted by Austrians about invasion of
Serbia
 Most Italians supported neutrality- little to gain, much to lose




1.4 Impact of WWI

 Treaty of London - Apr 1915 = receive S. Tyrol, Trentino, Istria,
German Colonies etc
 Germany = producing 20x as much steel as Italy
 Socialists condemned war as capitalist conflict
 Catholics were opposed to fighting other Catholics – Pope
condemned
 But others thought neutrality would confirm 2 nd class status in
Europe- achieve Italia Irredente
 300 Deputies supported Giolitti for neutrality- became PM
 King threatened to abdicate – Enters the war 1915


 Salandra resigned as PM and was replaced by Boselli 1916
 Fighting was in the Alpine region
 5 million men conscripted

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