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Lecture notes Group Dynamics (excl. 2, 12, 13)

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Lecture notes Group Dynamics (excl. 2, 12, 13) (year 2)

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  • 7 augustus 2023
  • 22
  • 2021/2022
  • College aantekeningen
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  • Excluding lecture 2, 12, 13
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Lecture notes
Lecture 1
Social brain theory: human beings have larger brains due to complex social behaviour

3 themes:
 Humans don’t know everything -> ‘cognitive misers’ (limited mental capacity)
 Humans are efficient and well-organised info processors
 Cognitions and affect are intrinsically connected

Tversky & Kahneman: our mental toolbox
 Heuristics:
- Representativeness heuristic: how much does it look like what you know?
- Availability heuristic: how available is the info in your memory?
- Anchoring: what is your point of reference?
 Schemas: Mental framework that organises social info and guides our perceptions
and actions
 Automaticity: controlled vs. automatic thinking
 Negativity bias and hope for good:
- Bad is stronger than good
- Optimistic bias: tendency to overlook risks and expect positive outcomes
- Planning fallacy: tendency to think that tasks take up less time than they actually
do
 Regret: action vs. inaction
 Affect and cognition: we are more likely to remember or store positive info in
positive mood (same for negative). Perception based on our feelings (it feels bad -> it
is bad)

Priming and perseverance effect: activated schemas persist even in the face of inconsistent
knowledge

Lecture 2: Social perception
Social perception = how we perceive others
Facial feedback theory: muscles strengthening our feelings

Basic channels
 Facial expressions: six basic/universal emotions (anger, fear, disgust, surprise,
sadness and happiness).
 Gazes and stares: advanced gaze detection system in vision cortex
 Body language
 Touch

Smiling:
 Lower punishment
 Higher tips
 More likely to get a job

,Attributions
 Correspondence bias (fundamental attribution error): contribute behaviour to
internal causes. Causes: salience person vs. situation, limited perspective on situation
and cognitive capacity
 Actor/observer bias: matter of choice
 Self-serving bias: attribute success internally and failure externally
 Theory Kelley: consensus (among people), consistency (similar situations) and
distinctiveness (different situations)

Impression formation and management
How do we integrate info to form a first impression?
 Evaluations often made quickly with little info: goodness/badness of person, like or
dislike person, central traits (traits highly associated with other characteristics
 Implicit personality theory: person kind? Other traits also positive
 Two conditions: warm and cold conditions
 Negativity effect: we pay more attention to negative traits of person when forming
impressions, but positive bias -> we are more likely to express positive evaluations of
people, than negative
 Self-handicapping vs. sucking up

Lecture 3
Theme 1
How well do you know yourself?
 Intentions vs behaviour: self-other discrepancy
 Self vs others: what is correct?

How to know yourself?
 Introspection: conscious access. Problem: we don’t always have conscious access to
our motivations (why we do things)
 Affective forecasting bias: overprojection of current feelings + failure to consider
context
 Social comparison: judging ourselves in comparison to others (when we don’t know
how to see ourselves). With whom depends on your goals -> for accurate self-image:
similar others, self-enhancement: downward comparisons, what can we strive for?:
upward comparison

How do you define yourself?
A) Physical: female, age
B) Social: nationality, political preference
C) Psychological: shy, outgoing
D) Holistic: human being

Cultural differences:
 Interdependent self-view: relationship to others -> non-western self-view
 Independent self-view: internal thoughts -> western self-view

, Age differences:
 Young people define more personality traits
 Older people more social/collective

Gender differences:
 Women: close relationships
 Men: memberships in large groups

Social identity theory: self-perception mostly determined by context (depends on situation)
Centrality: also matters a lot -> sexual orientation and religion

Which part of your identity is salient?
 Context
 Comparison
 Centrality

Feeling good about ourselves
 Disapproval by others
 Self-esteem
 Cutting off reflected failure

Stereotype threat
 Hard to cut off reflected failure when being part of that group
 People perform worse: fear to confirm stereotype, bad performance, negative
stereotype

Theme 2
When is a group a group? 2 or more people who interact with each other and have a
common goal of fulfil a need together

Why join groups? Evolutionary explanations

Why work in groups? Task goals (knowledge/info) + social goals (need to belong)

Joining groups: initiation rites

Groups: key components
 Status: hierarchy (physical characteristics, behaviour and seniority)
 Roles: formal (agreed upon) and informal roles (behaviour)
 Norms: group norms -> shared expectations about specific group members’
behaviours +
 Cohesiveness: forces that cause members to stay in the group. Effects high
cohesiveness -> high participation rate in activities

Cooperation and conflict

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