College aantekeningen
Lecture notes Group Dynamics (excl. 2, 12, 13)
- Instelling
- Universiteit Leiden (UL)
Lecture notes Group Dynamics (excl. 2, 12, 13) (year 2)
[Meer zien]Voorbeeld 3 van de 22 pagina's
Voorbeeld 3 van de 22 pagina's
In winkelwagengesponsord bericht van onze partner
Voorbeeld van de inhoud
Lecture notesLecture 1
Social brain theory: human beings have larger brains due to complex social behaviour
3 themes:
Humans don’t know everything -> ‘cognitive misers’ (limited mental capacity)
Humans are efficient and well-organised info processors
Cognitions and affect are intrinsically connected
Tversky & Kahneman: our mental toolbox
Heuristics:
- Representativeness heuristic: how much does it look like what you know?
- Availability heuristic: how available is the info in your memory?
- Anchoring: what is your point of reference?
Schemas: Mental framework that organises social info and guides our perceptions
and actions
Automaticity: controlled vs. automatic thinking
Negativity bias and hope for good:
- Bad is stronger than good
- Optimistic bias: tendency to overlook risks and expect positive outcomes
- Planning fallacy: tendency to think that tasks take up less time than they actually
do
Regret: action vs. inaction
Affect and cognition: we are more likely to remember or store positive info in
positive mood (same for negative). Perception based on our feelings (it feels bad -> it
is bad)
Priming and perseverance effect: activated schemas persist even in the face of inconsistent
knowledge
Lecture 2: Social perception
Social perception = how we perceive others
Facial feedback theory: muscles strengthening our feelings
Basic channels
Facial expressions: six basic/universal emotions (anger, fear, disgust, surprise,
sadness and happiness).
Gazes and stares: advanced gaze detection system in vision cortex
Body language
Touch
Smiling:
Lower punishment
Higher tips
More likely to get a job
,Attributions
Correspondence bias (fundamental attribution error): contribute behaviour to
internal causes. Causes: salience person vs. situation, limited perspective on situation
and cognitive capacity
Actor/observer bias: matter of choice
Self-serving bias: attribute success internally and failure externally
Theory Kelley: consensus (among people), consistency (similar situations) and
distinctiveness (different situations)
Impression formation and management
How do we integrate info to form a first impression?
Evaluations often made quickly with little info: goodness/badness of person, like or
dislike person, central traits (traits highly associated with other characteristics
Implicit personality theory: person kind? Other traits also positive
Two conditions: warm and cold conditions
Negativity effect: we pay more attention to negative traits of person when forming
impressions, but positive bias -> we are more likely to express positive evaluations of
people, than negative
Self-handicapping vs. sucking up
Lecture 3
Theme 1
How well do you know yourself?
Intentions vs behaviour: self-other discrepancy
Self vs others: what is correct?
How to know yourself?
Introspection: conscious access. Problem: we don’t always have conscious access to
our motivations (why we do things)
Affective forecasting bias: overprojection of current feelings + failure to consider
context
Social comparison: judging ourselves in comparison to others (when we don’t know
how to see ourselves). With whom depends on your goals -> for accurate self-image:
similar others, self-enhancement: downward comparisons, what can we strive for?:
upward comparison
How do you define yourself?
A) Physical: female, age
B) Social: nationality, political preference
C) Psychological: shy, outgoing
D) Holistic: human being
Cultural differences:
Interdependent self-view: relationship to others -> non-western self-view
Independent self-view: internal thoughts -> western self-view
, Age differences:
Young people define more personality traits
Older people more social/collective
Gender differences:
Women: close relationships
Men: memberships in large groups
Social identity theory: self-perception mostly determined by context (depends on situation)
Centrality: also matters a lot -> sexual orientation and religion
Which part of your identity is salient?
Context
Comparison
Centrality
Feeling good about ourselves
Disapproval by others
Self-esteem
Cutting off reflected failure
Stereotype threat
Hard to cut off reflected failure when being part of that group
People perform worse: fear to confirm stereotype, bad performance, negative
stereotype
Theme 2
When is a group a group? 2 or more people who interact with each other and have a
common goal of fulfil a need together
Why join groups? Evolutionary explanations
Why work in groups? Task goals (knowledge/info) + social goals (need to belong)
Joining groups: initiation rites
Groups: key components
Status: hierarchy (physical characteristics, behaviour and seniority)
Roles: formal (agreed upon) and informal roles (behaviour)
Norms: group norms -> shared expectations about specific group members’
behaviours +
Cohesiveness: forces that cause members to stay in the group. Effects high
cohesiveness -> high participation rate in activities
Cooperation and conflict
Voordelen van het kopen van samenvattingen bij Stuvia op een rij:
Verzekerd van kwaliteit door reviews
Stuvia-klanten hebben meer dan 700.000 samenvattingen beoordeeld. Zo weet je zeker dat je de beste documenten koopt!
Snel en makkelijk kopen
Je betaalt supersnel en eenmalig met iDeal, creditcard of Stuvia-tegoed voor de samenvatting. Zonder lidmaatschap.
Focus op de essentie
Samenvattingen worden geschreven voor en door anderen. Daarom zijn de samenvattingen altijd betrouwbaar en actueel. Zo kom je snel tot de kern!
Veelgestelde vragen
Wat krijg ik als ik dit document koop?
Je krijgt een PDF, die direct beschikbaar is na je aankoop. Het gekochte document is altijd, overal en oneindig toegankelijk via je profiel.
Tevredenheidsgarantie: hoe werkt dat?
Onze tevredenheidsgarantie zorgt ervoor dat je altijd een studiedocument vindt dat goed bij je past. Je vult een formulier in en onze klantenservice regelt de rest.
Van wie koop ik deze samenvatting?
Stuvia is een marktplaats, je koop dit document dus niet van ons, maar van verkoper fiorafleur. Stuvia faciliteert de betaling aan de verkoper.
Zit ik meteen vast aan een abonnement?
Nee, je koopt alleen deze samenvatting voor €7,48. Je zit daarna nergens aan vast.
Is Stuvia te vertrouwen?
4,6 sterren op Google & Trustpilot (+1000 reviews)
Afgelopen 30 dagen zijn er 79223 samenvattingen verkocht
Opgericht in 2010, al 14 jaar dé plek om samenvattingen te kopen