Samenvatting
Experimental Psychology, Full Summary, English
Full Summary for the course 'Experimental Psychology'
[Meer zien]Voorbeeld 4 van de 62 pagina's
Voorbeeld 4 van de 62 pagina's
In winkelwagengesponsord bericht van onze partner
Gekoppeld boek
Titel boek:
Auteur(s):
- Uitgave:
- ISBN:
- Druk:
Verkoper
Volgen
Voorbeeld van de inhoud
Tuesday, 30 August 2022Lecture 1
Experimental Psychology
Experiment: a technique of establishing a causal rel. between variables
Experimental Psychology: the scienti c study of mind and behavior by means of
experiments
- Study Psychology by focusing on cognitive functions
Cognition: mental processes leading to thought, knowledge, and awareness
- Cognitive processes govern Cog. Functions include attention, memory, learning,
language, mental processing, motor skills, and imagination.
- CF are “building blocks” of all complex behavior (like eating peas) > This task
requires attention, perception, decision-making, motor skills
- Patients with (local) brain damage allow for more speci c and reliable inferences
about brain functioning.
e.g. Patients with
• Neglect (hemi spatial/unilateral inattention)
• Aphasia (trouble producing or understanding)
• Dyslexia (trouble with reading)
• Prosopagnosia (inability to recognise faces)
• Visual agnosia (inability to recognise objects)
Cognitive Neuroscience attempts to understand the biological foundation of
cognition > the main idea is that cog.process can be tracked and measured
Rationalists (Knowledge is innate or inborn: Nativism):
- Benedict de Spinoza
- Gottfried Leibniz
1
fi fi
, - Rene Descartes: Believed in Dualism. That the mind and body are separate
entities that interact via the pineal gland. (Bc. The bodily re exes do not involve
the mind/free will, the body and mind must be distinct)
Empiricists (Knowledge is acquired through senses):
- John Locke
- George Berkeley
- David Hume
In the 19th Century, Psychology started to evolve into a science
- Hermann von Helmholtz conducted experiments on the conduction velocity of
the nerve impulse
- Franciscus Donders: Mental Chronometry “How much time do you need to
decide”
1) Simple reaction time
2) Di erential/choice reaction time
3) Go/No go reaction time
-> This additive factor logic is still widely used today in modern-day research where
brain activity (EEG or fMRI) in an experimental condition is subtracted from a control
condition or when two experimental conditions are subtracted
- Ernst Weber and Gustav Fechner introduced the Just Noticeable Di erence (JND),
which is still used in psychophysics
- Wilhelm Wundt - Structuralism: consciousness should be the focus of study via
analyses of the basic elements that constitute the mind
> achieved by breaking down consciousness into sensations and feelings via
analytical introspection
- Further developed by Edward Titchener and proposed 3 elementary states of
consciousness: Sensations (sight, sound, taste), Images (components of
thought), and A ections (components of emotions)
2
ff ff fl ff
,Behaviorism (John Watson): The mind cannot be studied and behavior should be
studied instead because
- The only way to understand learning and adaptation is by focusing on behavior
- Behavior can be observed by anyone and measured objectively
- The goal is to predict and control behavior to bene t society
Behaviorism was a part of the logical positivism movement that introduced the
operational de nition: Description of an abstract property in terms of a concrete
condition that can be measured
> allow for precise measurements and direct comparisons between studies
But, operational def. are not always good de nitions. Clear measurable conditions
can still be quite useless
- Happiness is the number of smiles during a speci c episode
- Age is the response that participants provide on a questionnaire
IVAN PAVLOV: CLASSICAL CONDITIONING
US (Unconditioned Stimulus) that produces an UR (Unconditioned Response)
When the US is repeatedly paired with another stimulus, the other stimulus
becomes a CS (Conditioned Stimulus) that produces a CR (Conditioned Response)
which is the same as the UR but now occurs with our the original US.
SKINNER: OPERANT CONDITIONING
Learning occurs through reinforcement and punishment, that can be positive
(means sth is added) or negative (sth is removed).
GESTALT PSYCHOLOGY:
- KEY PRINCIPLE: The whole is more than the sum of its parts
- They rejected Wundt’s structuralism > because experience is more than a
function of sensation
3
fi fi fifi
, - They rejected Behaviorism > because complex behavior (‘the whole’) is more than
the sum of its components
- Gestalt psychologists use apparent motion to prove their point
- Perception is a construction, not a re ection of the sensation
EMPIRICIS
= Acquiring knowledge through observation
Scienti c Method: Observations can lead to mistakes, false conclusions and
illusions, so we need a set of rules and techniques to avoid those.
1- Theorize/generate idea
=> Often based on literature/previous experience
=> Use principle of Ockham’s razor
2- Formulate falsi able hypothesis
=> if…is true, we should observe… (speci c, veri able)
3- Collect and analyse data
=> observations in a lab or in the real world, using speci c techniques
=> operationalism should be concrete
4- Draw conclusions regarding hypothesis
=> Results align with hypothesis? Con rm theory
=> Results do not align with hypothesis? Theory is wrong (falsi cation) or mistakes
in operationalisation
Deduction: Drawing inferences based on premises (assumptions). General =>
Speci c
Problem: We cannot observe ALL premises so we must use Induction. Speci c =>
General
4
fi fi fi fl fi fi fi fi fi fi
Voordelen van het kopen van samenvattingen bij Stuvia op een rij:
Verzekerd van kwaliteit door reviews
Stuvia-klanten hebben meer dan 700.000 samenvattingen beoordeeld. Zo weet je zeker dat je de beste documenten koopt!
Snel en makkelijk kopen
Je betaalt supersnel en eenmalig met iDeal, creditcard of Stuvia-tegoed voor de samenvatting. Zonder lidmaatschap.
Focus op de essentie
Samenvattingen worden geschreven voor en door anderen. Daarom zijn de samenvattingen altijd betrouwbaar en actueel. Zo kom je snel tot de kern!
Veelgestelde vragen
Wat krijg ik als ik dit document koop?
Je krijgt een PDF, die direct beschikbaar is na je aankoop. Het gekochte document is altijd, overal en oneindig toegankelijk via je profiel.
Tevredenheidsgarantie: hoe werkt dat?
Onze tevredenheidsgarantie zorgt ervoor dat je altijd een studiedocument vindt dat goed bij je past. Je vult een formulier in en onze klantenservice regelt de rest.
Van wie koop ik deze samenvatting?
Stuvia is een marktplaats, je koop dit document dus niet van ons, maar van verkoper zehrakarakilic. Stuvia faciliteert de betaling aan de verkoper.
Zit ik meteen vast aan een abonnement?
Nee, je koopt alleen deze samenvatting voor €5,39. Je zit daarna nergens aan vast.
Is Stuvia te vertrouwen?
4,6 sterren op Google & Trustpilot (+1000 reviews)
Afgelopen 30 dagen zijn er 50064 samenvattingen verkocht
Opgericht in 2010, al 14 jaar dé plek om samenvattingen te kopen