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Summary SOC1001F exam notes: The age of Enlightenment; Auguste Comte; Max Weber; and Émile Durkheim, €5,70
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Summary SOC1001F exam notes: The age of Enlightenment; Auguste Comte; Max Weber; and Émile Durkheim,

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summary of the above mentioned section for fam1001f information taken from textbook and my lecture notes

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  • 23 juni 2017
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The age of Enlightenment
Background
 Began in Europe
o Late 17th-century
 Cultural movement of intellectuals
 Revolution in human thought


Principles
Rationality and reason
 Became a key way of organising knowledge
 Opposed to tradition
Empiricism
 Need for facts and observations
 Apprehended through the senses.
Science
 Experimental scientific revolution
 Scientific method
Universalism
 Search for laws of the universe and society
Progress
 Human condition can be improved.
Individualism
 Starting point for all knowledge
Toleration
 Beliefs of others not inherently inferior
 In the world of religious conflicts, different religions should be tolerated.
Freedom
 Allow freedom
 Human condition was that of a choosing self
Human nature was uniform
 Rational
 Individual
 Free
Secularism
 Despite toleration, or because of it
 Enlightenment was often opposed to the Church

,Goals
 Progress
 Tolerance
 Removal of abuses
o In church & state


What it did
Reform society
 Using reason
 Give people the freedom to use and express ideas

Challenge ideas
 Believed because of tradition and faith

Advance knowledge
 Created modern science
 The scientific method
o This new rational way of thinking
 Begins with clearly stated principles
 Uses correct logic
 Arrive at conclusions
 Tests the conclusions against evidence
 Revises the principles
 In the light of the evidence

Reformed values
 New values
o Freedom
o Democracy
o Reason
 Old values
o The divine right of kings
o Traditions as the ruling authority

,Positivism: Auguste Comte (1798-1857)
Background
 Founder of Sociology and Positivism
o Coined the term sociology
 Lived during the French Revolution and Napoleonic era
o Social and political change
 Grew up in a conservative royalist and Catholic home
o Home opposed enlightenment
o Comte Rejected royalism and Catholicism


Beliefs
The law of three stages
 Development of humanity passes through three stages:
 The theological stage
o Rely on supernatural agencies to explain what they can't explain
o God and religion
 The metaphysical stage
o Attribute effects to poorly understood causes
 Supernatural agents replaced by abstract entities
 No God
 Other phenomena like souls that regulate
 The positive stage
o Mind stops looking for causes of phenomena
o Understand scientific laws that govern the world
 Limits itself strictly to laws governing them
 Absolute notions are replaced by relative ones
o Is in accordance to science
o This stage brought on by enlightenment

Comte on Sociology
 It is the final science
o Not just one science among many,
o Comes after all the others
 Must assume the task of coordinating the whole of knowledge
 The science that replaces religion as the ‘subjective method’
 Made the study of society will finally become ‘positive’, scientific.

, Other Stances opposing positivism
Humanistic stance
 Sees studying the human world as very different from studying the material
 World
o Focus on the human and the symbolic.

The realist stance
 Emphasises importance of theory
 Empirical evidence is never straight-forward
 Need strong explanations built up from theoretical tools
o E.g. Marx.

Critical sociology
 Sees task of sociology to ‘change the world’
o As Marx said of philosophy
 All knowledge harbours political interests
o Sociology should critically unmask what is actually going on.

Standpoint theory/standpoint epistemologies
 All knowledge is grounded in (subjective) standpoints
 Wants to help groups analyse their situation
o From within the context of their own experiences.
 Critical of traditional ‘white, heterosexual, middle-class, male’ standpoint of
sociology.

Queer theory
 Argues most sociological theory still has a bias towards ‘heterosexuality’
 Non-heterosexual voices need to be heard
 Refers to ‘heteronormativity’
o The assumption that heterosexuality is the desirable or normal
condition

Postmodern ‘methodology’
 Diffuse and difficult to define term.
 Anti-positivist epistemological stance
 Rejects a strong search for truth
 Rooted in the enlightenment idea of absolute truth
o Which they consider discredited
 Argue truths are multiple, fluid, changing and fragmentary

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