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Summary lecture 5 European Union as an external power
This is a summary of lecture 5: 'EU lecture 5: EU Enlargement and enlargement governance - the EU’s most effective foreign policy tool?'
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EU lecture 5: EU Enlargement and enlargement governance - the EU’s mosteffective foreign policy tool?
Last time:
1. Regional Differences: Perceptions of the EU vary significantly across different
regions and countries. These variations are influenced by historical, political,
economic, and cultural factors unique to each region.
2. Normative Power in the Neighborhood: The EU's normative power, which refers to
its ability to influence and shape the norms and values of other countries, is most
evident in its neighborhood. The EU often promotes democratic values, human rights,
and the rule of law in neighboring countries.
3. Challenges to EU's Normative Power: However, even in the EU's neighborhood, its
normative power is not uncontested. Some countries may challenge or resist EU
norms and values for various reasons, including national interests or differences in
political ideology.
4. Chinese Perceptions: Chinese perceptions of the EU have evolved over time,
influenced by increasing knowledge about the EU and China's own self-image on the
global stage. As Chinese citizens gain more information about the EU, their
perceptions may shift.
5. Russian Perceptions: Russian perceptions of the EU are often influenced by a
"zero-sum game" framing. In this view, any gain for the EU or its allies is seen as a
loss for Russia. This framing can lead to competitive and sometimes negative
perceptions of the EU.
6. Role of Propaganda and Disinformation: Propaganda and disinformation
campaigns play an increasing role in shaping perceptions of the EU and other
international actors. These campaigns can be used to manipulate public opinion,
spread false narratives, and influence how people view the EU.
Current status of various countries in their aspirations to join the European Union:
1. Negotiation:
● Montenegro and Serbia are currently in the negotiation process with the EU.
This means that they have officially started formal negotiations to become EU
member states. These negotiations cover various aspects, including economic,
political, and legal reforms.
2. About to Open Negotiations:
● North Macedonia and Albania are in the stage where they are about to open
negotiations with the EU. This signifies that they are preparing to enter the
formal negotiation process in the near future.
3. Candidate or Aspiring:
● Ukraine is mentioned as a candidate or aspiring country. This indicates that
Ukraine has expressed its desire to become an EU member and has taken steps
toward achieving this goal. However, it may not have formally entered the
negotiation process yet.
, ● Bosnia and Herzegovina, Kosovo, Georgia, and Turkey are also listed as
candidate or aspiring countries. These countries have expressed their
aspirations to join the EU and have taken varying degrees of steps toward
meeting the EU's criteria for membership.
4. Moldova:
● Moldova is not specifically categorized in the provided information. Its status
could vary, but it has also expressed interest in closer ties with the EU and
may be working toward potential membership
What is EU enlargement?
1. Enlargement as an End and as a Means:
● EU enlargement can be viewed as both an end and a means to achieve broader
objectives. As an end, it represents the inclusion of new countries as
full-fledged EU members. As a means, it serves several purposes, including
promoting stability, democracy, and prosperity in candidate countries and
fostering a sense of unity and shared values across Europe.
2. Negotiations on Joining the EU:
● The core of the enlargement process involves negotiations between the EU
and candidate countries. These negotiations are typically lengthy and
comprehensive, covering a wide range of issues, including political reforms,
economic alignment, legal harmonization, and the adoption of EU standards
and regulations.
3. Bargaining About Accession:
● The negotiation process is often characterized by bargaining between the EU
and the candidate countries. This bargaining occurs under conditions of
asymmetric interdependence, meaning that the EU, as the more established
and powerful entity, has a stronger negotiating position. Candidate countries
must make significant concessions and undertake reforms to meet EU criteria
and standards.
4. Preparation Through Reforms:
● Candidate countries are required to undergo a process of preparation through
reforms. These reforms encompass various aspects, such as improving
democratic institutions, ensuring the rule of law, addressing corruption,
aligning economic policies with EU standards, and adopting EU laws and
regulations into national legislation.
5. Monitoring and Evaluation:
● Throughout the enlargement process, the EU closely monitors and evaluates
the progress made by candidate countries in meeting the criteria for accession.
Progress reports and assessments are regularly conducted to ensure that the
necessary reforms are being implemented effectively.
6. Final Accession:
● Once a candidate country successfully completes the negotiation process,
implements the required reforms, and meets the EU's criteria, it is granted full
EU membership. Accession involves the country becoming a part of the EU's
, decision-making institutions and enjoying the benefits of EU membership,
such as access to the single market and participation in EU policies.
Asymmetric intergovernmental process:
1. Enlargement as an End: Negotiations and Accession:
● EU enlargement is ultimately the process of a candidate country becoming a
full member of the EU. This process involves negotiations and, upon
successful completion, accession to the EU, making the country a part of the
organization.
2. Asymmetric Nature of Enlargement Negotiations:
● "Asymmetric" means that there is an inherent inequality or imbalance in the
power dynamics between the EU and the candidate country during the
negotiation process.
● In EU enlargement negotiations, the EU is typically the more established,
powerful, and economically influential entity compared to the candidate
country. As a result, the EU holds a stronger bargaining position.
● The candidate country often needs to make significant concessions, undertake
substantial reforms, and align its laws and regulations with EU standards to
meet the conditions set by the EU for membership.
3. Negotiations Between Governments:
● Enlargement negotiations primarily take place between the governments of the
candidate country and the EU member states. These negotiations involve
high-level diplomats and officials who represent their respective governments.
● While parliaments in both the candidate country and EU member states have a
role in approving the final accession treaty, the actual negotiations are
conducted by executive branches, such as foreign ministries.
4. Strengthening of Executive Power:
● The asymmetric nature of enlargement negotiations can strengthen executive
power within both the candidate country and the EU.
● In the candidate country, the executive branch, typically led by the head of
state or government and the foreign ministry, plays a central role in conducting
negotiations and implementing required reforms.
● In EU member states, executive branches, including government ministries
and leaders, have significant influence over the negotiation process and the
final decision to approve accession.
5. Role of Parliaments:
● While parliaments in both the candidate country and the EU member states
have the responsibility to ratify the accession treaty, their involvement in the
negotiation process itself is often limited.
● Parliaments typically play a more substantial role in the domestic adoption of
EU-related laws and reforms as required during the accession process.
Enlargement as a tool for reform:
1. Reform to Fulfill the Copenhagen Criteria:
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