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Summary Task 6 - Profiling

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Summary of Task 6 in Forensic & Legal psychology in a Nutshell

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  • 17 oktober 2023
  • 17
  • 2023/2024
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TASK 6 – PROFILING
HOW DOES PROFILING WORK & WHAT IS IT?

THE PERSONALITY PARADOX IN OFFENDER PROFILING – A THEORETICAL REVIEW OF THE PROCESSES
INVOLVED IN DERIVING BACKGROUND CHARACTERISTICS FROM CRIME SCENE ACTIONS (ALISON ET
AL.)

 Profiling – derivation of personality characteristics from crime scene actions
 Offender profile – focuses attention on individuals with personality traits that parallel
traits of others who have committed similar offences
 Assessment of accuracy – in the past: post hoc  asked police officers how satisfied they
were with advice
 Investigators approved of advice given & found it useful in various ways
 Limitations: no representative sample of profiles, relied on subjective opinions of
investigators
 Few studies looked into profiling process itself on which methods are founded
 This study: review validity of assumptions important to process of profiling

THE PROFILING PROCESS RELIES ON A NAÏVE TRAIT APPROACH

 Traditional trait theory – underpins most forms of offender profiling
 Traits are stable & general
 Establishes general laws based on studying a large number of offenders & use
these to generalise them to others
 Deterministic – all offenders’ behaviours are affected in predictable ways


Profiling  Assumption for primary traits – stable & general
process  Determine a person’s inclination to act consistently in a particular way
(stable) across a variety of situations (general)
 Traits are not directly observable, they are inferred from behaviour – in
profiling from crime scene actions
 Traits are inferred from & explained by behaviour
 Classification system – choose classification, which is then connected to a set
of characteristics about the person, such as race, gender, marital status
 Belief – same behavioural dispositions that determine style of the crime
scene behaviour are reflected in more general, non-offense patterns in
the offender’s life
 Example: organised vs. disorganised offender
 Crime Classification Manual – has over 200 classification categories of
murder BUT none of them have been validated through research

Research  Professional profilers (1) assess the type of criminal act with reference to
on the individuals who have committed similar acts, (2) analyse the crime scene,

, profiling (3) scrutinise the background of the victim & possible suspects, (4)
process establish likely motivations of all parties involved, (5) description of
perpetrator is generated from characteristics connected with their
“psychological make-up”
 “What” to “Why” to “Who” inference – on the basis of crime scene material
(What), a particular motivation for the offense is attributed to the
perpetrator (Why). This leads to the perpetrator’s likely characteristics
(Who)
 Problematic – not clear how profilers move from one point to the next
 Little evidence for traditional view of personality disposition

 Potential problems
 Difficult to correctly classify the offender based on extremely limited material
 Can’t draw reliable conclusions based on “nothing more than what one knows
about a particular subtype”

MOST CURRENT PROFILING METHODS RELY ON A NAÏVE & OUTDATED UNDERSTANDING OF PERSONALITY & THE
TRAIT APPROACH

TOWARD A CONTEMPORARY MODEL OF OFFENDER PROFILING

 Theoretical framework emphasising importance of Person x Situation interactions in
generating behaviour


Contemporary  Traits – probable “if…then…” relations between clusters of behaviours &
trait situations
approaches  Takes account of contextual details
 Primary unit of observation – the conditional probability of a certain
behaviour / category of behaviours given a certain condition / set of
conditions has occurred
 Recognise that behaviour & situation categories vary in degree to which
they are “well defined or fuzzy”
 Links between behaviour & situation categories will vary  probabilistic nature
 Determine what affects behavioural consistency of offenders across
their crime series & how consistent they are between criminal & non-
criminal life

Challenges for  Understand relationship between people’s behaviour, on the one hand,
contemporary & situations they typically encounter, on the other  extremely difficult
model  Investigative domain – little known about context in which crime takes
place
 Non-criminal domain – have people generate “if…then…” contingencies
to describe why they think people behave the way they do

, o Cluster analysis  can identify important situational features
o Classification systems may NOT account for every individual
 Situational similarities defined purely by physical features of situations
 does NOT appear to influence noncriminal behaviour consistently
 Psychological meaning of specific situations to certain individual must be
established to generate any valid inferences
o Types of interpersonal interactions, competency demands
characteristics of a situation

Limitations  Bandwidth-fidelity / abstraction issue – the differences in precision of
personality measurement at different levels of abstraction
 Examine offense behaviour at general level  might be able to
predict very general information about offender’s background BUT
not specific background characteristics
 Bandwidth is gained at expense of fidelity
 Psychological profiling – refers to profiling demographic characteristics
 Would be better described as referring to particular psychological
constructs
o Example: 50 rapists assigned to 3 groups  difference sin
personality disorders

THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK EMPHASISING THE IMPORTANCE OF PERSON X SITUATION INTERACTIONS IN
GENERATING BEHAVIOUR MAY LEAD TO A MORE PRODUCTIVE RESEARCH ENDEAVOUR


A NEW GEOGRAPHIC PROFILING SUSPECT MAPPING & RANKING TECHNIQUE FOR CRIME
INVESTIGATIONS: GP-SMART (CURTIS-HAM ET AL.)

Geographic profiling – examining information in geography of crimes & suspects to inform investigative
activities, including prioritising suspects

 Analysing locations & series of crimes believed to have been committed by the same
unknown offender
 Suspects can be ranked by proximity of known activity nodes to areas crimes were
committed in
 Algorithms automatised this prediction process
 Aim: filter through large number of suspect NOT identify the offender
 Complementary approach – focuses on suspects, examining their known activity nodes
 Can be applied to single crimes BUT big potential suspect pool without pre-filtering
 This study: introduces Geographic Profiling Suspect Mapping And Ranking Technique
(GP-SMART)

SUSPECT-BASED GEOGRAPHIC PROFILING ALGORITHMS

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