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All lecture notes for the course Law & Security from Security Studies

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Law and security

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Universiteit Leiden (UL)

All lecture notes for the course Law & Security from Security Studies, including graphs/pictures

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Lecture notes law and security
Lecture 1: introduction to LAW 1
Lecture 2: security 7
Lecture 3: law and politics 11
Lecture 4: cross border cooperation 13
Lecture 6: privatization of security 18

Lecture 1: introduction to LAW
Today’s concept
- Law
- rule of law
- rights

Law
> law is a set of legal rules that governs the way members of a society act towards one another
- law is normative
> behavioural codes that guide people into actions that conform to societal expectation
- norms
- conform to ‘accepted behaviour’
> laws are norms supported by codified social sanctions
- not only about what you can and cannot do but also what happens when you don’t follow
those rules

Different sources of law
- constitution (nationally speaking most important source of law)
- legislation
- general administrative decisions
- international treaties (state’s getting together and deciding upon a binding..)
- recognized custom
- case law/jurisprudence (active role of judiciary, they might create law in a sense)
- religious texts

Different legal systems
> fancy map with systems in slides
> Legal systems:
- civil & common law
- civil law: romano-germanic (continental), codified legal texts + scholars
- common law: anglo-american, originally unwritten law + precedent
- but cross pollination
- religious law
- law integral to religious sources (EX: religious books)

, - sanctions are religious
- customary law
- unwritten law (set of norms)
- oral, informal and flexible
- related to culture (dominant culture within a nation)
- mixed systems

Different level of law
> National Law
- National boundaries (territory of a nation)
- individuals
- internal domestic affairs (you cannot rule for something that is happening beyond your
borders)
- law enforcement to protect legislature and court system
> International law
- relationship state & other subjects (states free to sign up for certain treaty)
- also international organizations, NGOs, large private companies
- external affairs of a state
- international court system based on treaties (but it is much more complicated because there
is no international sovereign that can make decisions and hold people accountable)
- no international law enforcement system (we tried)

Domains of international law
international law includes the basic classic concepts of law in national legal systems (ie statutes,
property law, tort law, etc). It also includes substantive law procedural law, due process, and
remedies

Major substantive field of international law:
- in economic law
- security law
- criminal law
- environmental law
- diplomatic law
- international humanitarian law (aka law of war)
- international human rights law

, International human rights law
> through treaties, acts upon states
> Documents such as the Universal Declaration of Human Rights proclaim the ideals of nations
aspiring to respect the human rights of people of all nations. Legally, however, these document do
not bind countries
- under these treaties, nations agree to abide by certain restrictions on their conduct and to
uphold certain freedoms and basic needs for citizens
- the enforcement of human rights treaties naturally requires nations to comply with the
terms of their agreements, and various approaches are used to enforce agreements

International humanitarian law
> International humanitarian law (law of war) is a field of international law regulating armed conflict
between states, and more recently, between states and informal groups and individuals
> IHL governs both the legality of justifications for war (jus ad bellum, or when states can resort to
war), and the legality of wartime conduct (jus in bello, or how states must behave themselves during
war)
- oldest field of conventional international law
- core principles of international humanitarian law can be found in major international treaties
such as the geneva conventions of 1949, and the first geneva convention 1864

Laws & Territory
Sovereignty:
- power of a government to reign over its territory without any interference

The Rechtsstaat/rule of law
- peculiar relationship between law and politics
- development of societal relations: function to bring about justice and order
- governance triangle (politics & law)

polity: territory, infrastructure over which you govern (space of action)
policy: decisions that you are making that have to be valid within the space of polity
politics: class of interests, move of force, concerned with issues that are happening within the polity

Rule of law essentials:
- fairness (rules need to be fair for different elements of our society)
- rationality
- predictability
- consistency
- impartiality → laws cannot be ad persona
- in Bedner article: impartial vs independent
> special attention to:
- separation of powers (trias politics by montesquieu)
- independence of the judiciary
- access to justice

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