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[Meer zien]Voorbeeld 4 van de 58 pagina's
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Summary document of Chapter 5 Evolution and biodiversity IB Biology
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IB Biology Full Course Notes + Required Drawings Units 1 - 11 & Option D
-
IB Human Physiology Option D - Biology HL & SL Notes for IBDP
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A great book with thorough explanation and well presented diagrams
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Voorbeeld van de inhoud
OXFORD IB DIplOm a pROgRam m eANSWERS
2 0 1 4 ED I TI O N
BIOLO GY
C O U R S E C O M PA N I O N
Andrew Allott
David Mindorf
, W I T H I N TO P I C Q U E S T I O N S
Topic 1 - data-based questions
Page 6–7
magnification = size of image / actual size of the specimen; size of the image (scale bar) = 20 mm;
1. a)
actual size = 0.2 mm; magnification .2 = 100 ×;
b) width of thiomargarita in the image (image size) = 26 mm; magnification = 100 × actual
size = = 0.26 mm;
magnification = length mitochondrion in the image (63 mm = 63,000 µm) / actual size of the specimen
2. a)
(8 µm) = 63, = 7875×;
b) scale bar 5 µm × 7875 = 39 375 µm = 39.375 mm (approx 40 mm)
c) width on the image 23 mm / magnification 7875 = 0.0029 mm (2.9 µm)
3. a) 20 µm × 2000 (magnification) = 40,000 µm; (or 40mm scale bar)
b) actual size of specimen 34 mm / 2000 = 0.017 mm = 17 µm
4. a) hens egg is 7 mm wide in diagram; ostrich egg is 22 mm long in diagram; real hen egg is about
(50 × 22)
50 mm wide; ostrich egg: _ = 157 mm approx
7
7mm = 0.14×
b) magnification = size of image of egg / actual size of the egg; hens egg : _
50mm
Page 28
1. a central white/light area; sandwiched between two darker layers;
2. proteins appear dark in electron micrographs (page 27 of the text); phospholipids appear light;
reasonable support for the Davson-Danielli model;
3. proteins stain darkly; the dark pattern is the distribution of proteins; possible explanation is that
they are enzymes/cytoskeleton elements/protein bound vesicles;
4. magnification = size image / actual size of the specimen 1 mm/10 nm = 1 × 10-3 m/(10 × 10-9 m) =
0.1 × 106 = 100 000 × magnification
Page 29 (Membranes in freeze-etched electron micrographs)
1. a)
membrane proteins; that are transmembrane / straddle the membrane;
b) the Davson-Danielli model had proteins on the outside; provided evidence that there were proteins
in the centre of the membrane; falsified the Davson-Danielli model of membrane structure;
2. inner membrane; outer membrame visible to the right / outer membrane would not be as regular
in appearance;
3. mitochondria can be recognised by their rounded shape and cristae in these positions: lower right;
middle right; to the left of the mitochondrion middle right;
4. Golgi apparatus visible; with cisternae and many vesicles;
Page 29–30 (Diffusion of proteins in membranes)
1. Time (min) Mean
5 0
10 1.5
25 47
40 92
120 100
© Oxford University Press 2014: this may be reproduced for class use solely for the purchaser’s institute 1
, W I T H I N TO P I C Q U E S T I O N S
2. 100
mean % of cells with markers 80
fully mixed
60
40
20
0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140
time after fusion/minutes
3. as time progresses, an increasing number of cells have markers fully mixed
4. it supports the Singer-Nicholson model; membrane proteins can move; suggesting membrane is fluid;
5. range bars are a measure of variability of data; the more variable, the less reliable the conclusions
based on the data;
6. human body temperature (normal temperature for human cells);
7. the movement of markers increases with temperature, because the molecules move faster with
higher temperatures, then it levels off;
8. at lower temperatures the membrane proteins hardly move, therefore the markers are hardly mixed;
phospholipids in membrane not fully liquid / semi-solid;
9. ATP is required for active transport; the movement of membrane proteins is passive/it does not
require ATP/energy;
10. a rise in marker movement can be expected at lower incubation temperatures, since these animals
are adapted to a colder environment; have phospholipids with a lower melting point;
Page 36
1. 1 mm = 1000 µm; 400 µm × 1 mm / 1000 µm = 0.4 mm
2. a) decreasing with distance; sharply at first but then decreasing more gradually;
b) used by cornea cells for aerobic respiration; diffusion from the air is slow; no blood supply to bring
oxygen; no cells / no respiration in aqueous humour / oxygen supplied by blood capillaries in iris;
3. a) higher than the inner cornea; lower than the inner cornea;
b) concentration is lower in the cornea; there would not be (net) diffusion from the aqueous humour;
4. levels quickly fall off over a distance of 100 μm; making it an ineffective mechanism of transport
over larger distances;
5. a) increase in the distance O2 has to move; / decreasing concentration at the inner cornea;
b) increase moisture / increase O2 permeability of the lens;
6. an indication of the variability of the data; provides an indication of the reliability of the data;
Page 39
1. reduction in oxygen concentration below 21% reduces phosphate absorption; from 21% to 2.1%, the
reduction is very small / not significant; large / significant reductions below 0.9% / from 0.9 to 0.1%;
2. phosphate absorbed by active transport; ATP required for active transport; ATP produced by aerobic
respiration in roots; aerobic respiration requires oxygen;
3. phosphate absorbed mainly by active transport; when DNP blocks production of ATP by aerobic
respiration, phosphate absorption drops to a low level;
4. still some phosphate absorption when DNP has blocked ATP production by aerobic respiration;
some ATP might be produced by anaerobic respiration; active transport probably not the only
method of phosphate absorption; aerobic respiration fully blocked at 6 mmol dm-3 DNP, as
phosphate absorption does not drop any lower above this concentration;
© Oxford University Press 2014: this may be reproduced for class use solely for the purchaser’s institute 2
, W I T H I N TO P I C Q U E S T I O N S
Page 42
1. a) it moved into the tissues
b) out of the tissues
2. the cactus had the lowest concentration; where the graph crosses the x-axis is isotonic; lowest
isotonic value seen for the cactus;
3. cactus tissue might act as a water store, so has low solute concentration; pine kernel might have
dried out to become dormant, so has a high solute concentration; pine / butternut squash / sweet
potato might be adapted to habitat with higher solute concentrations in the soil; butternut squash /
sweet potato / pine kernel might contain large quantities of sugar / stored foods so have a high
solute concentration;
4. the starting masses might have been different in different tissue samples; percentage change is a
better measure of relative change;
Page 54
1. late anaphase; chromosomes have been separated into chromatids; chromatids are moving toward/
have arrived at the pole;
2. a) counting centromeres should give the number of chromosomes, thought it is difficult to
discern individual centromeres as they can appear as double dots; counting telomere dots and
dividing by two can yield a count but these can appear as single dots; reasonable estimate is
14 chromosomes;
b) union of gametes regardless of whether they are odd or even would yield an even number;
c) this is the same pattern that exists in anaphase; the pattern set up in interphase persists
throughout interphase;
d) shortening of telomeres ultimately might get to coding regions; death of the cell/limit to the
number of times a cell can divide;
Page 59
1. positive correlation between smoking and most diseases; respiratory, circulatory, stomach and
duodenal ulcers and cirrhosis of liver; no correlation with Parkinson’s disease;
2. respiratory diseases increased by a greater factor; over four times as high compared with less than
twice as high for circulatory with more than 25 cigarettes; number of deaths increased more by
circulatory; over 900 more deaths with circulatory and only 364 more with circulatory with more
than 25 cigarettes;
3. even a small number shows a doubling in respiratory diseases; and 1.5 times as much for
circulatory diseases; big difference between 1 cigarette a day and 14 cigarettes a day;
4. if a person was a smoker, they might have had other health limiting behaviours; such as drinking
(cirrhosis); or inactivity;
5. mouth cancer; lung cancer; esophageal cancer; stomach cancer; throat cancer.
© Oxford University Press 2014: this may be reproduced for class use solely for the purchaser’s institute 3
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