College aantekeningen

Lectures and Knowledge Clips NSBED

Name: Lectures and Knowledge Clips NSBED
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Author: xPsyStudent

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This document consist of a complete summary of the knowledge clips and lectures of NSBED.

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Geupload op 19 oktober 2023
Bestand laatst geupdate op 25 oktober 2023
Aantal pagina's 62
Geschreven in 2023/2024
Type College aantekeningen
Docent(en) Dhr. terburg et al.
Bevat 1 t/m 10

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Complete Summary NSBED

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3 items

1. Samenvatting - Summary book and articles nsbed
2. Samenvatting - Prior knowledge nsbed
3. College aantekeningen - Lectures and knowledge clips nsbed
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Clip lecture 1.1 Psychological Methods
Psychological methods of SNS:
 Subjective measures
o Emotional experience
o Personality questionnaires
 Observational measures
o Frequency of behaviors
 Performance measures
o Reaction time
o Accuracy
 these measures are not extremely fancy, but essential! Biological measures without additional
information make no sense in social neuroscience!

Subjective measures
 Emotional experience
o Interview/questionnaire to determine how individual experienced an experiment.
o POMS (profile of mood states).
 Personality questionnaires
o STAI/STAS (state-trait anxiety/anger)
o LSAS (Liebowitz social anxiety scale)
o EQ-SQ (empathy/systemizing)
o BIS/BAS (beh. Inhibition/activation)
o … many more.
 How to use in SNS:
o Useful as control variable.
o Useful for correlation with other measure.
o Compare different studies (validated questionnaires)

Observational measures (what will the participant do?)
 Scoring and counting behaviors.
 Animal studies.
 Infant studies.
 Camera (blinding, inter-rater reliability)
 Eye tracking

Performance measures
 Speed and accuracy
o Speed-accuracy trade-off. (the faster, the more errors)
o Restricted, but ‘real’ behavior.
o Stable because of many, many, measurements.
 IQ-tests
 (emotion) Recognition Tests
 Selective attention
o Implicit association task
o (Gaze) cueing tasks.

From Stroop to fear and anger
 Classical Stroop
o Interference of the word

,  Emotional Stroop
o Interference of emotion
 Facial fear Stroop
o Interference of expression

! Mistake in book ! Page 308
 They stated that participants with high trait angriness are faster at naming the color after
presentation of an angry face (relative to a neutral face).
 The truth: participants with high trait angriness are slower at naming the color after
presentation of an angry face (relative to a neutral face).

Clip Lecture 1.2 Physiological Methods
Measuring Psychophysiology: (bodily responses to emotion or arousal)
 Controlled by the brain through the spinal cord.
 (para)sympathetic nervous system.
o Arousal

(Electro)physiological methods:
 Goal: measure bodily reactions that underlie/precede (social) behavior.
 Skin conductance
o Sweat gland activity
 Heart rate, respiration
o Preparation for fight/flight
 Electromyography (EMG)
o (Involuntary/automatic) muscle activity.

Skin conductance resp. (SCR):
 Sweat glands: related to sympathetic arousal.
 Peak between 1-5s. after emotional event.
 Can occur in absence of conscious perception.

Heart rate:
 Deceleration
o Preparing for danger
 Acceleration
o Active escape or attack
 Heart rate variability (HRV)
o More variability = rest = parasympathetic
o Less = concentration enhanced attention = sympathetic

Electromyography (EMG):
 Measure potential between pairs of close electrodes.
 Muscle activity.
 Mimicking facing expressions (affective empathy).

Startle potentiation (also EMG)
 Eye blink startle potentiation

,Clip Lecture 1.3: Brain Imaging - Electrophysiology
Structure of the neuron:
 All neurons have same basic structure:
o Cell body, axon, and dendrites
 Axon: action potentials

Single-cell recordings
 Very small electrode implanted into axon (intracellular) or outside axon membrane
(extracellular).
 Records neural activity, number of action potentials per second (but doesn’t stimulate it).
 Only done in animals.

Electroencephalography (EEG)
 Picks up neural activity of a large number of cells
 Possible due to the column-like organization of the cortex.
o Therefore also limited to the cortex.

EEG: Frequency bands:
 Delta waves (1-4Hz)
o Motivational system: bottom-up drive.
Beta waves (12-30 Hz)
o Cortex: top-down modulation.

EEG: Event-Related Potentials:
 EEG signal is averaged over many trials. (one doesn’t tell much, because it is noisy).
o Synchronized with some event.
 The resulting ERP is a series of positive and negative peaks.
o Location, amplitude and timing reflect brain activity in response to the event.

ERP in face processing: N170
 The N120 is relatively specialized for faces.
o Fusiform face area (FFA)
o For research one can manipulate emotion, visibility, familiarity, etc.

(Dis)advantages of ERP:
 Directly related to neural activity.
 Thus, ERP has an excellent temporal resolution.
o One can measure the timing of events.
 Derived from multiple sources in the brain at the same time.
 Therefore, ERP has a poor spatial resolution.
o One can measure location only very crudely.

Clip Lecture 1.4 Brain Imaging - MRI
Magnetic resonance imaging
 MRI relies on the alignment of water molecules
o Molecules are first aligned in a strong magnet.
o Misaligned with a radio pulse.
o Realignment to the magnetic field emits a recordable radio pulse.
o Realignment depends on tissue properties.

, Functional MRI
 Hemodynamic method: neural activity consumes oxygen, thus needs blood.
 Functional MRI measures the blood oxygenation.
o Oxygen slows re-alignment of water molecules.
o Non-invasive (unlike PET – positron emission tomography – scans).
 What does ‘a brain region is active’ mean?
o A region is ‘active’ if it shows a greater response in one condition relative to another.
o If inappropriate conditions the activity will be meaningless (junk in, junk out) –
functional imaging isn’t foolproof!
 Good spatial resolution!
o Voxel-size can be as low as 1mm^3
 Bad temporal resolution
o BOLD response: Blood Oxygen Level Dependent contrast.
o Hemodynamic response function (change in BOLD signal over time).
o Thus, temporal resolution in the order of a couple of seconds.
o If trials are placed close together, then the HRFs are superimposed.

Diffusion Tensor Imaging (DTI)
 Used to map the white matter microstructure.
 Gray matter (unmyelinated neurons).
 White matter (myelinated neurons).
 communication bundles.
 Diffusion of water molecules.
 DTI is also MRI, but from multiple angles and time-points.
 Resolution ~2.5mm^3
o Only big fibers.

Brain imaging
 Using MRI we can measure:
o Brain structure (MRI)
o Brain connections (DTI)
o Activation location (fMRI)
 If we also want timing of activation we can use event related potentials (EEG-ERP)
o Only in the cortex.
 Subcortical brain imaging with high temporal resolution is currently not available.
o Deep brain electrodes: highly invasive, only applicable in combination with
specialized treatment of disease.

Clip Lecture 1.5: Brain Imaging- Lesion and Disruption
Lesion methods:
 Acquired sociopathy
o Famous case of Phineas Cage
o Damasio et al. (1990) many patients with orbital frontal cortex (OFC) damage (also
known as ventromedial prefrontal cortex, vmPFC) meet diagnosis of sociopathy (now
Antisocial Personality Disorder; ASPD)
 Reversed engineering
o Infer the function of a region (or cognitive mechanism) by removing it and measuring
the effect on the rest of the system.
 Animal models

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