100% tevredenheidsgarantie Direct beschikbaar na je betaling Lees online óf als PDF Geen vaste maandelijkse kosten
logo-home
Eerder door jou gezocht
Eerder door jou gezocht
logo
Examples of Anti-competitive behaviour (supported with case law) €14,02
In winkelwagen
Snel navigeren naar
Voorbeeld
  2.  
  3. Lancaster University (LU)
  4.  
  5. Competition Law (319)

College aantekeningen

Examples of Anti-competitive behaviour (supported with case law)
 0 keer verkocht
  • Vak
  • Competition Law (319)
  • Instelling
  • Lancaster University (LU)

Lecture notes covering various anti-trust issues such as: - Algorithmic pricing - The four requirements of Art 101(3) TFEU - Burden of proof in Art 101(3) - Vertical restraints - Selective distribution - Franchising -> All supported with several case studies!

Voorbeeld 2 van de 7  pagina's

Document informatie

  • 22 oktober 2023
  • 7
  • 2022/2023
  • College aantekeningen
  • N/a
  • Alle colleges

Onderwerpen

  • competition law
  • anti trust law
  • art 1013 tfeu
  • algorithmic pricing
  • vertical restraints
  • anti trust case law
  • anti trust case studies

Geschreven voor

  • Lancaster University (LU)
  • Onbekend
  • Competition Law (319)
Alle documenten voor dit vak (5)

Verkoper

avatar-seller
moon2

Voorbeeld van de inhoud

Competition Law 319

W2 L2:
Algorithmic pricing
 Online sellers use AI to set prices (as opposed to individual retailers making those decisions).
Anything where a machine makes the price.
 Type of price fixing which drives the price up


 Manufacturer A is using pricing software to monitor Retailer B, & C’s compliance with
RRPs.
 Retailer D is adhering to retail price maintenance, and retailer E is monitoring and matching
retailer D’s prices using pricing software.
 Retailer F & G both use referential pricing algorithms to set prices. Independently the
algorithms interact to increase prices.
Calvano et al, “autonomous pricing algorithms may independently discover that if they are to make
the highest possible profit they should avoid price wars. That is, they may learn to collude, even if
they have not been specifically instructed to do so, and even if they do not communicate with one
another.”


Is this an agreement or independent action?
- If it has an effect on the market its likely to be seen unlawful as an anti-competitive
mechanism.
- Can’t hold the algorithm responsible – whoever sets it will take responsibility for whatever
pricing decision it takes.


Decisions of Associations:

o FRUBO v Commission (Case 71/74)
Decisions do not have to be binding.
Recommendations are likely to have an anti-competitive effect.

o AROW v BNIC, OJ 1982, L379/1
Trade associations themselves can be found to infringe Article 101(1) and can be fined.

o Pavlov v Stichting Pensioenfonds Medische Specialisten (Cases C-180-184/98)
- Medical pension fund.
- Quasi regulatory function. Argued they were exercising public law functions therefore
outside 101.
- The other half is acting as a trade body.
“The fact that a professional organisation is governed by a public-law statute does not
preclude the application of Article 85 EC. According to its wording, that provision applies to
agreements between undertakings and decisions by associations of undertakings. So, the
legal framework within which an association decision is taken and the legal definition given
to that framework by the national legal system are irrelevant”.

, Competition Law 319


Undertakings:
- Decisions between two separate undertakings
- Must be sufficiently independent of each other


o Viho (Case C-73/95P)
- The ‘economic entity’ doctrine.
- A group of companies are a single economic entity – they’re not separate undertakings.

o Sumal (Case 882/19)
- Private and public law enforcement of competition law have the same understanding of
‘undertaking’
- Groups of companies can contain several ‘economic units’ with ‘no connection’ between
them.
- There must be an economic connection between the violation and the person you’re
bringing action against.



Effect on trade between MS

- If the agreement has an effect on trade between MS, EU law will apply.
- If the agreement has no effect on trade, domestic law applies.


o Societe Technique Miniere v Maschinenbau Ulm (STM) (Case 56/65)
For Article 81 to apply:

“it must be possible to foresee with a sufficient degree of probability on the basis of a set of
objective factors of law or fact that the agreement in question may have an influence, direct or
indirect, actual or potential, on the pattern of trade between Member States”

 Relatively low bar for EU law to apply.



o Cementhandelaren v Commission (Cement) (Case 8/72)
Commission Notice, Guidelines on the effect on trade concept contained in Arts 81 and 82 of
the Treaty, OJ 2004, C101/81.

Object or effect?

Agreement must have an object or effect to restrict competition

STM (Case 56/65)

- The words ‘object’ and ‘effect’ are to be read disjunctively. (separate meanings)



Brasserie de Haecht v Wilkin (Case 23/67)

The importance of market analysis:

Dit zijn jouw voordelen als je samenvattingen koopt bij Stuvia:

Bewezen kwaliteit door reviews

Bewezen kwaliteit door reviews

Studenten hebben al meer dan 850.000 samenvattingen beoordeeld. Zo weet jij zeker dat je de beste keuze maakt!

In een paar klikken geregeld

In een paar klikken geregeld

Geen gedoe — betaal gewoon eenmalig met iDeal, creditcard of je Stuvia-tegoed en je bent klaar. Geen abonnement nodig.

Direct to-the-point

Direct to-the-point

Studenten maken samenvattingen voor studenten. Dat betekent: actuele inhoud waar jij écht wat aan hebt. Geen overbodige details!

Veelgestelde vragen

Wat krijg ik als ik dit document koop?

Je krijgt een PDF, die direct beschikbaar is na je aankoop. Het gekochte document is altijd, overal en oneindig toegankelijk via je profiel.

Tevredenheidsgarantie: hoe werkt dat?

Onze tevredenheidsgarantie zorgt ervoor dat je altijd een studiedocument vindt dat goed bij je past. Je vult een formulier in en onze klantenservice regelt de rest.

Van wie koop ik deze samenvatting?

Stuvia is een marktplaats, je koop dit document dus niet van ons, maar van verkoper moon2. Stuvia faciliteert de betaling aan de verkoper.

Zit ik meteen vast aan een abonnement?

Nee, je koopt alleen deze samenvatting voor €14,02. Je zit daarna nergens aan vast.

Is Stuvia te vertrouwen?

4,6 sterren op Google & Trustpilot (+1000 reviews)

Afgelopen 30 dagen zijn er 64670 samenvattingen verkocht

Opgericht in 2010, al 15 jaar dé plek om samenvattingen te kopen

Begin nu gratis

Laatst bekeken door jou

Tentamen (uitwerkingen) ·

(0)

Med Biochem 2 - Weeks 1-6 (for midsem exam) Questions And Answers 2023 A+

Voordeelbundel ·

(0)

Orthotics and Prosthetics Exam Bundle with Complete Solutions 2024

Tentamen (uitwerkingen) ·

(0)

Nutrition 1020 Final Exam 4 Bonus with verified solutions 2024

Tentamen (uitwerkingen) ·

(0)

HESI OB/MATERNITY Practice Quiz Question and Answer 100% Correct

Tentamen (uitwerkingen) ·

(0)

ONS ONCC Chemo Renewal Questions And Answers Latest Top Score.

Tentamen (uitwerkingen) ·

(0)

Vestibular Disorders (and vestibular exam - lab) with answers 2024

Tentamen (uitwerkingen) ·

(0)

The reformation of Christianity Questions Answered 100% correct

Tentamen (uitwerkingen) ·

(0)

Cltm questions with correct answers graded A+ 2023/2024 already passed

Tentamen (uitwerkingen) ·

(0)

BUAD 331 Final Exam Questions And Answers (Verified And Updated)

€14,02
  • (0)
In winkelwagen
Toegevoegd