College aantekeningen

College aantekeningen Transnational organized crime (RGBUSTR008)

0 keer verkocht

Instelling
Universiteit Utrecht (UU)

Alle aantekeningen van Transnational Organized Crime (RGUBSTR008) van de minor criminology aan de universiteit van Utrecht. Bevat alle 8 hoorcollege's All notes of Transnational Organized Crime (RGUBSTR008) from the minor criminology at the University of Utrecht. Contains all 8 lectures

[Meer zien]

Voorbeeld 3 van de 16 pagina's

Bekijk voorbeeld

Geupload op 23 oktober 2023
Aantal pagina's 16
Geschreven in 2023/2024
Type College aantekeningen
Docent(en) Richard alexander
Bevat Alle colleges

criminology
criminologie
transnational
smuggling
organized crime
sociale wetenschappen
mafia
drugs
trafficking
crime
minor
money laundering
terrorism

Lecture 1 – From mafia to transnational organized crime
Definition of organized crime
- FBI: organized crime enterprise is a continuing criminal conspiracy with organized structure,
fed by fear and corruption and motivated by greed
- INTERPOL: organized crime is a systematically prepared and planned committing of serious
criminal acts with a view to gain financial profits and power

International and transnational organized crime
- International crimes are acts prohibited by international criminal law on basis of the 1994
draft code, multilateral treaties or customary practice by all nations
- Cross Border Crime is conduct, which jeopardizes the legally protected interests in more than
one national jurisdiction and which is criminalized in at least one of the states/jurisdictions
concerned (Passas, 2002)

Transnational organized crime
- A structured group of three or more persons existing for a period of time and acting in
concert with the aim of committing one or more serious crimes or offenses in order to obtain,
directly or indirectly, a financial or other material benefit (UN 2000)

Transnational criminal groups
- Rigid hierarchy: single boss, strong internal discipline, several divisions
- Devolved hierarchy: regional structures, own hierarchy and autonomy
- Hierarchical conglomerate: umbrella association of separate criminal groups
- Core criminal group: a horizontal structure of core individuals who work for the same
organization
- Organized criminal network: individuals engage in criminal activity in shifting alliances
according to skills they possess to carry out the illicit activity

,Structure of criminal groups
- Pyramid
o Godfather (leader)
o Different ranks and tasks
- Networks
o Central role: financers and organizers
o Transporters and underground bankers
o Brokers (criminal mediators)
o Family and friends contacts

Criminological theories
- Alien conspiracy: this theory blames outsiders and outside influences for the prevalence of
organized crime in healthy and rich Western society. Examples: Albanian, Russian and Turkish
mafia in Europe, mobile banditry
- Ethnicity and organized crime: ethnicity trap, the use of ethnicity fails to explain the existence
of the activity itself and often comes to ethnic stereotypes
- Relative deprivation or strain: organized crime is explained as a result of a discrepancy
between the social aspirations and factual opportunities. Examples: Italian mafia in the US
- Biological theories: racial theories, organized crime as a reason of biological inclinations
- Criminal emigration theories: link between organized crime and the country of origin
(smuggling activities)
- Cultural theories: criminals bring their own luggage to a new country (transplantation of
organized crime)

Three models of the link between ethnicity and organize crime:
1. Criminal export model
Criminal organization sends its members to establish posts in new countries, OC is
independent from migrant communities (Chinese Triads)
2. Second generation model
OC is a product of immigrants in a new country. Condition: large communities, enough young
people who want to become rich (Russian mafia in Germany)
3. Mutual dependence model
Combination of two previous models: OC follows the emigration and make use of migrants
for criminal activities (Turkish mafia in the Netherlands)

Principles of organized crime: secrecy, trust and violence
Secrecy
- Outside (to conceal illicit activities from legal punishments)
- Inside (to protect contact, clients, partners etc. from the competition)
- Secrecy: for self-interest to make money
- Irony of secrecy (Adler 1970): conflict between purposive (rational) and impulsive
(hedonistic) behavior

Trust
- Non-contractual business relations
- Why do criminals trust each other?
o Reputation (face to face relationship knowledge)
o Family ties (guarantee)
o Satisfaction with profits

, OC: semi-autonomous field
- Non-governmental and unofficial obligatory settings:
o Self-regulation system
o Inner codes of behavior/rules
o Trust relationships
o Inner arbitrary system

How and why do criminal organizations use violence?
Thomas Naylor: What differentiates the violence associated with OC is that it is structured and
directed and its objective is not facilitate a once and for all transfer of resources, but to enhance the
OC groups position in an ongoing market-place

Three reasons to use violence:
- To fight the competition and establish monopoly
- To settle the conflicts between the rival parties
- To guarantee loyalty and respect for prevailing norms and codes of behavior

No violence
Violence is the last resort by the OC:
- Attention of police
- Negative image of ‘out of control’
- Bugsy Siegel: ‘we only kill each other’

Traditional world-wide activities of organized crime:
- Illegal gambling
- Prostitution
- Drugs (from production to retail)
- Illegal firearms
- Extortion
- Money laundering

Modern activities of organized crime:
- Trafficking in human beings
- Smuggling of human beings
- Trafficking in body parts
- Vehicles theft
- Fraud
- Cybercrime
- Terrorism
- Trafficking in diamonds and timber
- Trafficking in art

Lecture 2 – Crime at the Edge: interrelations between legal and illegal networks
Crimes of the powerful
- Crimes and harmful acts committed by powerful people of high social status for personal or
organizational gain
- Excludes some mild forms of occupational (white collar) crime (individual, powerless
offenders against powerful victims)
- Includes other forms of crime as patriarchal interpersonal violence or hate crimes
- Includes serious forms of organized crime

Dit zijn jouw voordelen als je samenvattingen koopt bij Stuvia:

Bewezen kwaliteit door reviews

Studenten hebben al meer dan 850.000 samenvattingen beoordeeld. Zo weet jij zeker dat je de beste keuze maakt!

In een paar klikken geregeld

Geen gedoe — betaal gewoon eenmalig met iDeal, creditcard of je Stuvia-tegoed en je bent klaar. Geen abonnement nodig.

Direct to-the-point

Studenten maken samenvattingen voor studenten. Dat betekent: actuele inhoud waar jij écht wat aan hebt. Geen overbodige details!

Veelgestelde vragen

Wat krijg ik als ik dit document koop?

Je krijgt een PDF, die direct beschikbaar is na je aankoop. Het gekochte document is altijd, overal en oneindig toegankelijk via je profiel.

Tevredenheidsgarantie: hoe werkt dat?

Onze tevredenheidsgarantie zorgt ervoor dat je altijd een studiedocument vindt dat goed bij je past. Je vult een formulier in en onze klantenservice regelt de rest.

Van wie koop ik deze samenvatting?

Stuvia is een marktplaats, je koop dit document dus niet van ons, maar van verkoper norahmelssen. Stuvia faciliteert de betaling aan de verkoper.

Zit ik meteen vast aan een abonnement?

Nee, je koopt alleen deze samenvatting voor €5,92. Je zit daarna nergens aan vast.

Is Stuvia te vertrouwen?

4,6 sterren op Google & Trustpilot (+1000 reviews)

Afgelopen 30 dagen zijn er 69052 samenvattingen verkocht

Opgericht in 2010, al 15 jaar dé plek om samenvattingen te kopen

Begin nu gratis

Laatst bekeken door jou

College aantekeningen ·

(0)