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Summary of Human Anatomy and Physiology (AB_1197) at VU Amsterdam
This summary covers all the study material that is needed in order to pass the course Human Anatomy and Physiology at VU Amsterdam!
[Meer zien]Voorbeeld 4 van de 37 pagina's
Voorbeeld 4 van de 37 pagina's
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Voorbeeld van de inhoud
The heart never rests, 100000 times a day (70/min), pumps 8000 L a day. The cardiovascular system contains the organs:heart, blood and blood vessels.
- anatomy : tudying structure of the body → macroscopic to microscopic, clinical anatomy and anatomical
embryology.
- Phsyiology: studying bodily functions → biochemistry, biology, chemistry, genetics
The organ system:
- Integumentary: skin, hair, sweatglands, nails
- Skeletal: bones, cartilage, ligaments, bone marrow
- Muscular: skeletal muscles
- Nervous: brain, spinal cord, peripheral nerves, sense organs.
- Endocrine: pituitary gland, thyroid gland, pancreas, adrenal glands, gonads, endocrine tissues in other systens
- Lymphatic: spleen, thymus, lymphatic vessels/nod, tonsils
- Digestive: teeth, tongue, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, liver, gallbladder,
pancreas
- Reproductive:
a. Male: testes, epididymides, ductus deferentia, seminal vesicles, prostate, penis, scrotum
b. Female: ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, vagina, labia, clitoris, mammillary glands
- Cardiovascular: heart, blood, blood vessels
- Respiratory: nasal cavities, sinuses, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs, alveoli.
- Urinary: kidney, ureters, bladder, urethra.
Topography
Sagittal plane → Sagittarius (boogschutter)
goes right through you! Coronal plane →
crown on your head.
The front Is the anterior (also called ventral)
and the back is the posterior (also called the
dorsal). Cranial is in the direction of the
head and caudal is in the direction of the
tail. Transverse is cutting horizontally and
looking from above.
The sternum (pink sword-like structure) is
divided into 3 parts: manubrium (upper
part), body (middle part) and xiproid
process (lower part). Between the manubrium
and body there is a bump which you can feel.
This bump is called the sternal angle and
behind this sternal angle, the base of the
heart is located so that’s where the heart
begins at the top end. The lower end of the
heart is located in the 5th intercostal space
parasternal on the right. Intercostal is the
space between the ribs and parasternal means
‘next to the sternum.’ The left part of the hears
is located in the 5th intercostal space
midclavicular on the left.
Mediastinum: area inside your thorax between
your two lungs. Everything between the 2
lungs and that we can see from the anterior
and posterior view is located in the
mediastinum such as the heart. On the inferior
side is it boarded to the diaphragm (beneath)
and on the superior side it is boarded to the thoracic inlet which is the sternum, first
rib, vertebrae.
,The mediastinum is the space between the left and right pleural cavity.
From the thoracic inlet to the diaphragm, and from the sternum to the
vertebrae. We can further subdivide the mediastinum into different parts:
- Superior mediastinum → yellow
- Inferior mediastinum:
a. Anterior mediastinum (green)
b. Middle mediastinum (blue)
c. Posterior mediastinum (pink)
In the superior mediastinum but also in
the anterior mediastinum (yellow and
green) you can find the thymus. The
thymus is a lymphoid tissue which works
as a factory for T and B cells. In a baby,
the thymus is huge, but shrinks down as
you get older.
In the superior mediastinum you can find many nerves such as the vagal nerves, left
recurrent laryngeal nerve, phrenic nerves and sympathetic trunk. You find many nerves
here, because everything from the head to the bottom passes the superior mediastinum.
The vagal nerve tells every organ in the body to relax. It sends sensory information to
the brain and controls certain motor functions throughout the body.
Superior mediastinum
The vagal nerve (yellow) goes downwards and branches down on the aorta. A part
of the vagal nerve goes back up if you look closely. The part that goes back up to
the larynx is called the left recurrent laryngeal nerve; it allows the vocal cords to
open up in order to speak. This nerve is only present on the left side of the
superior mediastinum! Your phrenic nerves are two nerves that come from your
neck area and go right besides your heart and lungs. These are the nerves that
make sure that you can breathe by relaxing/contracting the diaphragm. The
sympathetic trunk tells ‘fight or flight’ and goes on the side of the vertebrae.
In the superior mediastinum we also find the thoracic
duct → the main trunk of the system lymphatic vessels
that transport lymph back into the circulatory system.
Anterior mediastinum (front)
In the anterior mediastinum we find 2 arteries and a vein right next to the sternum (parasternal)
→ here we find the internal thoracic artery (artery that supplies the anterior chest wall and the
breasts with blood. It is a paired artery). They come from the subclavian arteries (paired major
arteries of the upper thorax, below the clavicle. They receive blood from the aortic arch. The left
subclavian artery supplies blood to the left arm and the right subclavian artery supplies blood to
the right arm).
Middle mediastinum = heart
Posterior mediastinum
The posterior mediastinum contains the same thing as the superior mediastinum except the trachea → so it contains:
vessels, esophagus, thoracic duct, nerves (vagal nerves, sympathetic trunk).
The heart is covered in a fibrous tissue. It is leaning against a balloon of fibrous tissue; this
fibrous tissue is attached to the heart wall but then it comes around and attaches to itself
around the heart, creating a cavity → pericardial cavity. There is 15-20 ml of fluid in this
cavity that makes sure that the heart can move around without any friction/risk for
inflammation. The part that is directly attached to the heart wall is called the visceral part of
the pericardium and the part of the balloon that does not touch your heart/hand is the
parietal part of the pericardium. The inside of the balloon is the pericardial cavity.
The pericardial cavity provides less friction and free movement of the heart in the chest
cavity. Fluid in the pericardial cavity causes cardiac tamponade (traumatic, pericarditis). The
transition from visceral to parietal = transverse sinus. The transverse sinus is a little cavity in
,between the great vessels so the vessels that come into the atria and the vessels that come out
of the ventricles. → pulmonary artery (carries deoxygenated blood from the right side of the
heart to the lungs) and the aorta. The transverse sinus is the tunnel-shaped passage posterior
to the aorta and pulmonary trunk and anterior to the superior vena cava. The transverse sinus
is posterior to the aorta and pulmonary trunk, and anterior to the superior vena cava (returns
deoxygenated blood from the systemic circulation
to the right atrium of the heart). The oblique
sinus is an inverted U-shaped reflection of the
venae cavae and pulmonary veins. It is located
posterior to the aorta and
pulmonary trunk, and
anterior to the superior vena
cava (like the transverse
sinus). It goes from the left
inferior part to the right
superior part.
Anatomy heart (anterior)
The part where the right and left ventricles meet is
called the apex of the heart which is located in the
5th intercostal space midclavicular. The border at
the left and right ventricle is a groove (also called
interventricular sulcus) which ends in the apex.
This groove contains the coronary arteries and
veins → interventricular coronary artery + vein
+fat.
There is also a big groove at the right atrium and
right ventricle called the coronary sulcus (=groove
between the ventricles and atria). The superior
vena cava and inferior vena cava come to the right
atrium and bring the deoxygenated blood from the
body to the heart. The right atrium pumps this
deoxygenated blood to the right ventricle and from
here, the blood travels through the pulmonary
trunk that splits into the right the left pulmonary
arteries which bring the deoxygenated blood to
the lungs where the blood gets oxygenated. The
pulmonary vein brings the oxygenated blood from
the lungs back to the left atrium of the heart, the
blood goes through the left ventricle and is
eventually pumped throughout the body via the
aorta. Behind the pulmonary trunk, there is the
aorta which consists of: the ascending aorta (the part of the aorta that goes up), the arch of the aorta and the descending
aorta (the part that goes down). The descending aorta goes through the thorax and abdomen. From the aorta, there are 3
big branches: the branchiocephalic trunk, left common carotid artery and left subclavian artery. The branchiocephalic
trunk has branches that go to the arm and head. These branches are called the subclavian artery which goes to the arm and
the common carotid artery which goes all the way to the head. The left common carotid artery also goes to the head and
the left subclavian artery goes to the arm.
Between the arch of the aorta and the pulmonary trunk there is a small piece of connective tissue/ligament called the
ligamentum arteriosum.
, Anatomy heart (posterior)
We see the coronary sulcus which contains the
coronary sinus. The coronary sinus collects the
majority of the cardiac venous blood. It receives
the blood from the myocardium (a thick layer of
muscle within the heart) and facilitates the
movement of the deoxygenated blood to the
right atrium (at the point where the inferior
vena cava enters as well). The left atrium
contains 2 arteries (two on the left and two on
the right).
Blood flow: systematic and pulmonary
- Systematic: right atrium → right
ventricle → pulmonary artery → lungs
→ pulmonary vein → left atrium →
left ventricle → aorta → body → right
atrium…
- Pulmonary: right ventricle →
pulmonary artery → lungs →
pulmonary vein → left atrium.
Right atrium
- Right auricula: small conical muscular pouch. It contains pectinate
muscles.
- Inferior and superior vena cava enter the right atrium with
deoxygenated blood
- Coronary sinus → collects cardiac venous blood and brings it to the
right atrium
- Interatrial septum : septum between the left and right atria. In the
interatrial septum, you can find the oval fossa which is an oval-shaped
ditch/depression in the septum wall of the right atrium. It
corresponds to the foramen ovale in the fetus.
- Crista terminalis: smooth-surfaced, thick portion of the heart muscle
in a crescent shape at the opening into the right atrial appendage.
Right ventricle (anterior view)
- Tricuspid valve (right AV vale): located between the right atrium and right ventricle. Its role is to make sure that
blood flows in a forward direction from the right atrium to the right ventricle. The tricuspid valve has anterior,
posterior and septal cusps.
- Chordae tendineae (heart strings): thread-like bands
of fibrous tissue which attach on one end to the edges
of the tricuspid and mitral valves and on the other end
to the papillary muscles (small muscles within the
heart that serve to anchor the valves).
- Pulmonary valve: is the semilunar valve of the heart
that lies between the right ventricle and the pulmonary
artery and has 3 cusps:anterior, posterior and septal →
- Pulmonary trunk: major vessel of the human heart
that originates from the right ventricle. It branches
into the right and left pulmonary arteries, which lead
to the lungs.
Blood goes via the pulmonary arteries to the lungs, gets
oxygenated and travels back to the left atrium via the pulmonary
veins.
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