Samenvatting
Summary - Robot Law and AI (R_RLAI)
- Instelling
- Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam (VU)
This is a summary of the most important topics discussed in the lectures. Essential for a good final exam grade!
[Meer zien]Voorbeeld 2 van de 13 pagina's
Voorbeeld 2 van de 13 pagina's
In winkelwagengesponsord bericht van onze partner
Voorbeeld van de inhoud
Bias and discrimination:Humans are biased and discriminatory, and AI uses human data to train. This means the AI
itself gets biased. There is little to nothing to do about it.
There is widespread discrimination in society, and accurate, representative data will reflect
this in the AI.
Accurate data is biased, unbiased data is inaccurate.
Self-fulfilling prophecies: you investigate the people that are most likely to commit a crime,
so that group gets targeted and indeed commits the most crime (because you only look for
them). This is the problem of predictive policing.
Privacy
The AI systems use loads of data to create a training set on which decisions are being made.
This also includes personal data.
The GDPR is in place to protect personal data (any information that relates to identifying an
individual).
Processing data is only legal when consent is given, or to protect the general public.
Data minimization principle: collect no more data then necessary. (Difficult to enforce,
ambiguity surrounding what is necessary)
Proposals: ban of data use for targeted advertising, limiting use of sensitive data for all
secondary purposes, banning biometric collection of children or in specific contexts (work,
school)
Limits: new tools that don’t require personal data
Improvements: Restrict availability of consent to situations where consequences solely
affect that user. Render legal basis of consent insufficient for uses where data will be linked
to other people’s data. Establish collectivist rights, such that groups affected can also assert
rights.
Mass surveillance is not illegal for national security reasons.
Affect Recognition: technology that analyses facial expressions from both static images and
videos to reveal information on one's emotional state. Not developed in a way that satisfies
data protection yet.
Predictive privacy: information that can be guessed about people by matching it to other
people’s information.
This results in bad decisions being made by AI: credit ratings, job applications, nudging. The
GDPR does not combat this.
Anonymization: the process of removing personal identifiers, both direct and indirect, that
may lead to an individual being identified.
Does not fall within the scope of the GDPR.
Workplace surveillance: any form of employee monitoring undertaken by an employer. Low
wage workers affected most radically.
Surveillance Interoperability: combination of govt data collection, corporate surveillance
and third-party harvesting.
Systems are riddled with flaws yet make decisions about workers.
, EU law to protect them: Worker Access to Data, Algorithmic Transparency, Contestability.
Improvements: not only be for platform workers, include whistleblower protections, should
have collective, not just individual, rights
Human in the loop: proposals focus on requirement of human review. But:
AI is rarely fully automated, more a spectrum of human operated and machine.
Automation bias: humans likely trust the system.
Responsibility goes to human who has little to do with the decision.
Policy suggestions:
- Focus less on how data is collected and what happens to that data, but rather on the
actual outcome of the data usage.
- Collective rights, not just individual rights: As such, algorithms can be considered for
their effect on collective control.
Defining AI
How we define AI fundamentally impacts how we consider it / use it societally
AI Act definition:
a) Machine learning approaches, including supervised, unsupervised and reinforcement
learning, using a wide variety of methods including deep learning;
(b) Logic- and knowledge-based approaches, including knowledge representation, inductive
(logic) programming, knowledge bases, inference and deductive engines, (symbolic)
reasoning and expert systems;
(c) Statistical approaches, Bayesian estimation, search and optimization methods.
Very broad!
Regulating AI:
Law divides things into:
- Sources of obligation
Commodities – objects of the law. Therefore, can have legal binding effects. E.g., I
broke my neighbor’s TV (the TV is a commodity).
If not a commodity, not recognized by the law.
- Actors: Subjects whose actions have legal consequences
- Persons: Hold rights and duties
Natural persons like humans
Legal persons like companies
What is AI? Not an actor or legal person
On what level: International, Regional (Europe, Americas), National, Local
Self-regulation: companies that create AI regulate themselves, so innovation is not impeded.
Pros: they know the software and systems the best. Cons: they do not have the best interest
in mind for the general public, only for making money. No incentive to think about privacy,
data protection, etc.
Dit zijn jouw voordelen als je samenvattingen koopt bij Stuvia:
Bewezen kwaliteit door reviews
Studenten hebben al meer dan 850.000 samenvattingen beoordeeld. Zo weet jij zeker dat je de beste keuze maakt!
In een paar klikken geregeld
Geen gedoe — betaal gewoon eenmalig met iDeal, creditcard of je Stuvia-tegoed en je bent klaar. Geen abonnement nodig.
Direct to-the-point
Studenten maken samenvattingen voor studenten. Dat betekent: actuele inhoud waar jij écht wat aan hebt. Geen overbodige details!
Veelgestelde vragen
Wat krijg ik als ik dit document koop?
Je krijgt een PDF, die direct beschikbaar is na je aankoop. Het gekochte document is altijd, overal en oneindig toegankelijk via je profiel.
Tevredenheidsgarantie: hoe werkt dat?
Onze tevredenheidsgarantie zorgt ervoor dat je altijd een studiedocument vindt dat goed bij je past. Je vult een formulier in en onze klantenservice regelt de rest.
Van wie koop ik deze samenvatting?
Stuvia is een marktplaats, je koop dit document dus niet van ons, maar van verkoper matthiaslouws. Stuvia faciliteert de betaling aan de verkoper.
Zit ik meteen vast aan een abonnement?
Nee, je koopt alleen deze samenvatting voor €6,77. Je zit daarna nergens aan vast.
Is Stuvia te vertrouwen?
4,6 sterren op Google & Trustpilot (+1000 reviews)
Afgelopen 30 dagen zijn er 69052 samenvattingen verkocht
Opgericht in 2010, al 15 jaar dé plek om samenvattingen te kopen