This document consists of a recap of all the lectures of "Advanced Cognitive and Social Psychology for HCI" including notes (and examples) from during the lectures. This is all you need for the exam!
Symbolic interactionism
= “The other serves as a looking glass in which we see ourselves.”
1. I present myself to the other
2. The other reacts to my self-presentation
3. I build my own self based on the other’s reaction
4.
Identity development
- Stage 1 – Particular social context
- Stage 2 – Larger society 1. Family 2. School 3. Neighborhood
o Online world: Anonymous and disembodied strangers also affect the formation of self.
Self-development in cyberspace
Others convey their appraisals of our self-presentations through both verbal and nonverbal
behaviors, either purposefully or unwittingly, which in turn shape how we view ourselves. A lack of
(mainly non-verbal) cues in cyberspace limits us to validate our self-claims since we don’t know
others’ real appraisals.
Symbolic interactions in a digital world
1. I present myself to the other -> As I prefer choosing what to show
2. The other reacts to my self-presentation -> Without nonverbal cues in CMC
3. I build my own self based on the other’s reaction -> Limited to our self-appraisals
The self in computer-mediated communication
Online self: Complex since one has the possibility to express multiple versions of the self.
Digital self: The self-conceived online under the influence of the E-audience.
The online world offers opportunities to explore the self
Explore the self:
- No stigma on appearance, shyness, and other disadvantages that prevent people from
constructing desired identities.
- Outlet for “hidden selves”.
- Exploration of non-conventional identities.
Show my true self?
3 Domains of Self:
• Actual – Characteristics a person genually possesses.
• Ideal – Characteristics a person would like to possess.
• Ought – Characteristics a person feel that they should possess.
Online anonymity…allows people to present any of these three selves, …permits to better present
aspects of their true selves (compared to face-to-face interaction)
,True Self – Hidden aspects of the actual self
Multiplicity of online self
The multiple aspects of one's identity may be dissociated, enhanced, or integrated online. As others
cannot see who we are, we are free to claim to be whomever we want to be.
Digital self
Multiplied
= The internet removes physical barriers of time and place, creating a type of self-described as
“decentred, dispersed, and multiplied”. [Poster, 1990]
• Partially true: people create self-selected online environment with like-minded people.
• The online world may be more homogeneous in terms of interest and outlook, thus less decentred.
• Digital selves formed online may thus be more insulated / constrained than selves formed offline.
• Yet, others interact with us in different domains of the online world.
Inward oriented
= Inward oriented towards one’s inner world, focusing on thoughts, desires, emotions, and attitudes.
• People are more willing to self-disclose personal information due to feelings of anonymity and
privacy.
• Others cannot see our external attributes.
Narrative in nature
= People need to describe self-descriptions when interacting online.
• Others come to know us primarily based on what we tell them.
• These narratives shape our digital selves.
• Requires a level of introspection and reflectivity normally not exercised in F2F interaction.
Retractable
= Versions of the self can relatively easy be erased.
• Others are unable to link our online self-claims to our offline identities.
• Disembodiment allows people to retract undesirable self and build new one without having to
physically relocate.
• Comes with a price: abandonment from all associated resources.
Are people different in the online world versus the offline world?
Conception of Self
How we present ourselves is affected by our believe others can directly see us.
How we perceive ourselves is affected by our believed ability to directly see how others respond to
us.
Self-presentation
= Shape, enhance, change our self-image in front of others.
(Sometimes accurate, but sometimes misleading)
2 strategies:
• Strategic self-presentation = Manipulating self-image to gain sympathy or approval.
• Self-promotion = Boosting your positive traits and guard your negative traits and failures.
,Self-presentation on online dating sites
Different from other CMC environments in crucial ways:
• Anticipated face-to-face communication > you know you will eventually meet in real life
• More motivated to engage in authentic self-disclosures.
• Higher risks to engage in misrepresentation.
• Critical to assess credibility of others’ self-presentations.
May affect self-presentational strategies:
• Intentional or deliberate self-disclosure.
• Focusing on small cues to develop impressions of others.
Social information processing theory
Explains how people develop and manage relationships when communicating in a computer-
mediated environment.
• Lack of “traditional” nonverbal cues shifts our attention to other cues people “give off”.
• Adaptation of emotional and social expression to technological restrictions of the platform.
• Relationships may develop more slowly than “traditional” face-to-face developments.
• Relationships may demonstrate the same or even greater relational dimensions and qualities
(intimacy) as “traditional” face-to-face relationships.
Assumptions:
• Computer-mediated communication provides unique opportunities to connect with people.
• Online communicators are motivated to form (favorable) impressions of themselves to others.
• Online interpersonal relationships require extended time and more accumulated messages to
develop equivalent levels of intimacy seen in face-to-face interpersonal relationships.
Online daters were interviewed about their strategies to manage their online presentation of self;
• Daters attend to small cues online (in other’s and own presentation).
• Present more honest versions of self.
• Lack of social cues allows for more favourable presentation of self.
• Tension between need to portray truthful, accurate self-presentations and desire to project a self
that is attractive successful, and desirable.
• Balancing this tension with a tendency to present their ideal selves.
• Selective self-presentations raise a need for accuracy assessment.
• Need to demonstrate credibility of their own self-presentations.
Empirical support for Social Information Processing theory.
Stretching the truth
People tend to “stretch the truth” on identifiable online environments such as online dating sites. On
social networking sites, people display highly socially desirable identities that people desire to have in
offline but cannot achieve. Perceptions that others are lying may encourage reciprocal deception
(wederzijds bedrog).
Impression management
= “Selectively self-presenting or editing messages to reveal socially desirable attitudes and dimensions
of the self.” [Walther, 1996]
, Reasons for doing so:
• Attempt to persuade others to respond in desired manner.
• Create or preserve one’s private self-identity and self-esteem.
• Standardize their emotional practices.
Affected by several factors:
• Anonymous versus identifiable environment
• Identity
• Self-development.
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