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Summary summery literature wild years
- Vak
- (200600056)
- Instelling
- Universiteit Utrecht (UU)
i miss three articles but will uploaded those in the evening probably
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Explaining Human Culture. Human Relations Area Files(week 1)Exploring Adolescence Across Cultures
Adolescence, a complex stage of life, is a topic often mired in stereotypes and
misconceptions. Nora Ephron's humorous take suggests that having a dog during this
tumultuous period might be the key to someone at home being happy to see you. However,
this sentiment may not hold true universally.
In the United States and much of the Western world, adolescence is commonly associated
with conflict, rebelliousness, mood swings, and risky behavior. This perception, often
characterized as "storm and stress," gained prominence in the early 1900s. However, cross-
cultural research challenges the universality of this experience.
Margaret Mead's observations in Samoa and the work of Alice Schlegel and Herbert Barry
across 186 nonindustrial societies reveal that adolescence is culturally variable. The notion of
widespread antisocial behavior in teenagers is debunked, challenging the stereotypical view.
Defining adolescence is a nuanced task. It's both a social construct, marking the transition
from childhood to adulthood, and a biological construct linked to puberty. The duration of
social adolescence varies across societies, marked by ceremonies or subtle changes in
responsibilities. Puberty, the biological counterpart, lacks universal definition.
Is Adolescence a Human Universal?
Yes, according to Schlegel and Barry's cross-cultural study, almost all societies recognize
adolescence as a distinct stage. Characteristics include the onset at or around puberty, a
relatively brief duration, usually ending with marriage, and often followed by a "youth" stage
before adulthood. The duration varies with societal factors, such as residence patterns.
Family and Peer Relationships
In modern industrial societies, adolescence is a preparation for independence. Young adults
are expected to find work and establish new family units. In nonindustrial societies, however,
the family remains central, providing financial and social support. Relationships with same-
sex parents, older female kin, and same-gender siblings play crucial roles in adolescent
development.
Peer groups become especially significant during adolescence, more so for those less involved
with their families. Gender differences emerge, with males spending more time in larger and
more legitimized peer groups than females. Social complexity influences the size and nature
of peer groups.
Learning/Socialization
Adolescents undergo training for adult responsibilities like livelihood, property ownership,
marriage, and parenting. Productive work is universally emphasized, with gender-specific
focuses on physical prowess for boys and sexual attractiveness for girls. Religious skills take
precedence in hunter-gatherer societies.
Gender role differences exist but are minimal in the socialization process. Adolescents, both
male and female, are prepared for their respective adult roles and duties.
Marriage and Sexuality
While modern societies associate marriage with adulthood, in nonindustrial societies, most
marriages occur during adolescence. The average age at marriage varies, with maidenhood
increasing in length with greater social complexity. Premarital sex is common but usually
confined to a limited number of partners. Societal norms, especially regarding dowry and gift
exchange, influence expectations of chastity.
,Adolescent Work and Play
Adolescents participate in adult work, contributing to the family's needs. Work is modeled by
same-gender family members and is crucial in nonindustrial societies where the family is the
major unit of production. Play and leisure activities, on the other hand, occur among peers and
separate from adult involvement.
Delinquency and Antisocial Behavior
The perception of adolescents as prone to trouble is not universally applicable. Cross-
culturally, male delinquency is associated with the adolescent years, while patterns for
females differ. Antisocial behavior is not necessarily related to conflict with parents but may
be influenced by factors like group organization and societal naming of peer groups.
Initiation into Adulthood
Rites of passage mark the transition from childhood to adulthood in many nonindustrial
societies. These ceremonies, ranging from dramatic to symbolic, provide social recognition of
transformation. Initiates belong to single-sex groups, and ceremonies are more prevalent in
societies of moderate social complexity.
Male and Female Initiation Rites
Initiation rites differ for males and females. Ceremonies for boys involve more initiates,
infliction of pain, and less seclusion. Girls' ceremonies, often associated with menstruation,
are more solitary and less physically intense.
In conclusion, the journey through adolescence is a universal but culturally nuanced
experience. Stereotypes often associated with this stage are challenged by cross-cultural
research, emphasizing the need for a more comprehensive understanding of this critical phase
in human development.
, Watching the English. (week 2)
commonalities; unofficial codes of conduct that cut across class, age, sex region, subcultures
and other social boundaries. these rules define our national identity and character.
Participation observation: participating in the life and culture of the people one is studying, to
gain a true insider’s perspective on their customs and behavior, while simultaneously
observing them as a detached, objective scientist. In practice, field blindness happens:
becoming so involved and enmeshed in the native culture that they fail to maintain the
necessary scientific detachment.
-> Writing about your unconscious ethnocentric prejudices in your research paper.
the author of the book does ethnographic research of the english culture as a native
when doing ethnographic research the method is to search for regularities and consistent
patterns in the natives’ behavior and try to work out the hidden rules- the conventions or
collective understandings- governing these behavioral patterns. you can test to confirm the
existence of such a rule by telling a representative selection of narratives about your
observation of their behavior patterns and ask them if you have correctly identified the rule,
convention or principle behind their patterns. you can also look for signs of disapproval or
indeed active sanctions.
definition of rule:
a principle, regulation or maxim governing individual bestellen conduct
a standard of discrimination or estimation; a criterion, a Revised and test, a measure
an exemplary person or thing; a guiding example
a fact, or the statement of a fact, which holds generally good; the normal or usual state
of things
-> rules in terms of norms, ideals, guiding principles
there can me exceptions and deviations of rules
culture: the sum of a society’s or social group’s patterns of behavior, customs, way of life,
ideas, beliefs and value,. can also me caled national character
ethnographic dazzle: blindness to the similarities between research culture and other cultures,
easy to become obsessed with the distinctive features of a particular culture and to forget that
we are all members of the same species
there are cross cultural universals- practices, customs and beliefs found in all human
society(suchs as laws about property)- those can help to avoid the hazard
globalization
just because people everywhere want to wear nike , does not necessarily mean that they are
any less fiercely concerned about their cultural identity- indeed many are prepared to fight
and died for their nation, and culture which is perceived to be at stake. -> increase in
nationalism and tribalism, and resurgence of concern about ethnicity and cultural identity.
the economic influence of American corporate gains may be overwhelming, but their cultural
impact is less significant. spread of globalization is bringing changes to the cultures it reaches,
but these cultures were not static in the first place and change does not necessarily mean the
abolition of traditional values, new global media such as the internet is also an effective mean
of promoting traditional cultures, in britain more evidence of increasing trivialization than of
any reduction in cultural diversity.
ethnic minorities also have an influence on their host culture, there is also a difference in
acculturation, some groups adopted more of the host culture values than others
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