Summary LAWS1000 Chapters 8, 10 & 11 AND Relevant Case Laws
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A complete and in-depth summary of the prescribed chapters 8, 10 & 11 for LAWS1000. These colourful summaries include all the key information AND all relevant case laws, in a succinct and understandable manner and are taken directly from the prescribed textbook (Commercial Law, Fresh Perspectives, ...
COMMERCIAL LAW 1
LAWS1000
CHAPTERS 8, 10 & 11 SUMMARIES
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These summaries are prepared with the intent to closely align with the content of the specified textbook. Full credit and acknowledgment are given to the authors and publishers of the
original textbook for the material on which these summaries are based. All information taken directly from:
Pillay, K. and Du Plessis, R. (2023) Commercial law: Fresh perspectives. 4th edn. Cape Town, South Africa, Western Cape: Maskew Miller Learning. .
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, CHAPTER 8: Contents of a Contract
Identifying Terms by Their Role
• Term = a clause or provision in a contract, which sets out the respective rights, duties and obligations of the parties
• Contractual terms are intended to be legally binding on the parties
• When parties enter a contract, they reach agreement about the rights and obligations of each party
• This agreement sets out, in detail, exactly what the contract requires each party to do
• Three different types of terms:
1) Terms that identify a contract as a specific contract, called essentialia
2) Terms that are implied into a specific contract by law, called naturalia
3) Other terms that the parties have agreed to, called incidentalia
• Essentialia
- All contracts must follow the general principles of contract law
- BUT there are some contracts, called specific contracts, where particular terms must be included eg. Contracts
of sale and leases
- Essential terms of a contract, which identify that contract as a specific contract, are called essentialia
- Essentialia are thus the terms that must be present in a contract in order for it to be classified as a specific type of
contract
- Parties to the contract must agree on these essential terms for the contract to be considered a specific contract
- Eg. For a contract to be a valid contract of lease, there must be consensus about the following essentialia:
~ Object being leased
~ Length of the lease
~ Amount of rent payable
- Eg. For a contract of sale to be valid, there must be consensus about the following essentialia:
~ The item being sold
~ Price payable
• Naturalia
- The importance of classifying contracts is that, once a contract has been identified to be a particular specific
contract, there are terms that the law automatically reads into the contract
- These terms are naturalia of the contracts
- These clauses are implied by law
- Naturalia apply automatically to a contract even if the parties have not specifically agreed to them
- However, it is possible for the contracting parties to change naturalia by agreement
• Incidentalia
- The terms in a contract that parties have agreed to, but which are neither the essentialia or naturalia of the
contract
- These are the terms that meet the specific needs of the contracting parties
Identifying Terms by How They Become a Part of a Contract
• The second way we classify terms is by how they become a part of a contract
• Terms incorporated into a contract can be:
- Express
- Implied
- Tacit
- Imposed
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