Samenvatting
Summary Task 3 - Adaptive Control of Thought
- Instelling
- Maastricht University (UM)
Summary of Task 3 in Man and Machine
[Meer zien]Voorbeeld 2 van de 13 pagina's
Voorbeeld 2 van de 13 pagina's
In winkelwagengesponsord bericht van onze partner
Verkoper
Volgen
Voorbeeld van de inhoud
ADAPTIVE CONTROL OF THOUGHTMIND (THAGARD)
CHAPTER 1 – REPRESENTATION & COMPUTATION
Cognitive science – main aim: explain how people accomplish various kinds of thinking
Knowledge in the mind consists of mental representations
Cognitive science – people have mental procedures that operate on mental
representations to produce thought & action
Different kinds of mental representations foster different mental procedures
BEGINNINGS
Plato – most important knowledge comes from concepts such as virtue that people
know innately
Descartes, Leibniz – knowledge can be gained by thinking & reasoning (= rationalism)
Aristotle – knowledge in terms of rules learned from experience (= empiricism)
Kant – tried to combine rationalism & empiricism
19th century – experimental psychology (Wundt)
Within few decades it was dominated by behaviourism (J.B. Watson)
George Miller – limited capacity of STM
McCarthy, Minsky, Newell, Simon – founded field of AI + founders of cognitive science
McCarthy – approach to AI based on formal logic
Newell & Simon – showed power of rules for accounting for aspects of human
intelligence
Minsky – concept like frames are central form of knowledge representations
1980s – rise of connectionist theories of mental representation & processing
METHODS IN COGNITIVE SCIENCE
Today – primary method: experimentation with human participants
Theory without experiment is empty & experiment without theory is blind
Developing theoretical framework
Forming & testing computational models intended to be analogous to mental
operations
Controlled experiments (brain scanning techniques OR observing performance of
people with brain damage)
Cognitive anthropology – how do thoughts work in different cultural settings
Main method: ethnography – requires living & interacting with members of a
culture
Best way to grasp complexity of human thinking – use multiple methods
, THE COMPUTATIONAL-REPRESENTATIONAL UNDERSTANDING OF MIND (CRUM)
Central hypothesis – thinking can best be understood in terms of representational
structures in the mind & computational procedures that operate on those structures
CRUM – most theoretically & experimentally successful approach to mind
Compares minds with computers – better than previous metaphors
Program Mind
Data structures + algorithms = Mental rep. + computational procedures =
running programs thinking
Connectionists – neurons & their connections as inspirations for data structures
CRUM works with complex 3-way analogy among mind, brain & computers
No single computational model of the mind
Computers Brain
Serial processors – perform one instruction at Parallel processors – doing many operations
a time at once
THEORIES, MODELS & PROGRAMS
Important to distinguish between 4 crucial elements
Cognitive theory – set of representational structures & set of processes that operate
on these structures
Computational model – makes these structures & processes more precise by
interpreting them by analogy with computer programs that consist of data
structures & algorithms
To test model it must be implemented in a software program in a programming
language
This program may run on a variety of hardware platforms
Theory-, model- & program development and evaluation often go hand in hand
Running program – contributes to evaluation of model & theory in 3 ways
Helps to show that postulated representations & processes are computationally
realisable
Shows psychological plausibility by being applied qualitatively to various
examples of thinking
More detailed fit between theory & human thinking by being used quantitatively
to generate detailed predictions about human thinking that can be compared with
results of psychological experiments
EVALUATING APPROACHES TO MENTAL REPRESENTATIONS
Voordelen van het kopen van samenvattingen bij Stuvia op een rij:
Verzekerd van kwaliteit door reviews
Stuvia-klanten hebben meer dan 700.000 samenvattingen beoordeeld. Zo weet je zeker dat je de beste documenten koopt!
Snel en makkelijk kopen
Je betaalt supersnel en eenmalig met iDeal, creditcard of Stuvia-tegoed voor de samenvatting. Zonder lidmaatschap.
Focus op de essentie
Samenvattingen worden geschreven voor en door anderen. Daarom zijn de samenvattingen altijd betrouwbaar en actueel. Zo kom je snel tot de kern!
Veelgestelde vragen
Wat krijg ik als ik dit document koop?
Je krijgt een PDF, die direct beschikbaar is na je aankoop. Het gekochte document is altijd, overal en oneindig toegankelijk via je profiel.
Tevredenheidsgarantie: hoe werkt dat?
Onze tevredenheidsgarantie zorgt ervoor dat je altijd een studiedocument vindt dat goed bij je past. Je vult een formulier in en onze klantenservice regelt de rest.
Van wie koop ik deze samenvatting?
Stuvia is een marktplaats, je koop dit document dus niet van ons, maar van verkoper emma2296. Stuvia faciliteert de betaling aan de verkoper.
Zit ik meteen vast aan een abonnement?
Nee, je koopt alleen deze samenvatting voor €3,49. Je zit daarna nergens aan vast.
Is Stuvia te vertrouwen?
4,6 sterren op Google & Trustpilot (+1000 reviews)
Afgelopen 30 dagen zijn er 67096 samenvattingen verkocht
Opgericht in 2010, al 14 jaar dé plek om samenvattingen te kopen