Samenvatting
Sport psychology - lecture summary
Summary of all 12 lectures from the course sport psychology. Focuses on the most relevant information.
[Meer zien]Voorbeeld 4 van de 40 pagina's
Voorbeeld 4 van de 40 pagina's
In winkelwagengesponsord bericht van onze partner
Verkoper
Volgen
Voorbeeld van de inhoud
Sport psychology – Lecture 11st Learning goal: overview of the study field of sport psychology
What is Sport psychology?
• Effects of psychological factors on sport-related behavior, performance and well being
• (Performance, Psychological skills, Motivation, Well-being etc.)
• Relationship between those concepts; Antecedents & consequences (cognitive,
affective and behavioral)
studying sport psychology:
• Sport psychology can be applied differently (biological sciences, social sciences,
psychology, exercise physiology, sport sociology etc.)
• Psychophysiological Orientation (effect of imagery/brain activity)
• Social-psychological Orientation (team level, team cohesion etc.)
• Cognitive-Behavioral Orientation (effects of imagery on performance)
1) Individualistic approach -> Person
2) Situational approach -> Environment
3) Interactionist approach -> Person x Environment
History of sport psychology:
• Researchers were not sport psychologist but socialist or behaviorist
• Zajonc -> social facilitation (effect of audience on performance/ increased arousal
level)
•
2nd Learning goal: explain different factors that are studied in SP in order to understand
(theory) and reach (practice) Peak performance in sport.
How do psychological skills contribute to performance?
- Development of certain mental skills are necessary to
1) Perform optimally in challenging situations.
2) Experience personal highlights
3) Develop full potential.
Peak performance
-> a state of exceptional functioning
Interaction of 3 things:
1) Individual differences (Motivation, self-efficacy etc.)
, 2) Environmental factors (coach-effectiveness, team, support,
opportunities)
3) Psychological skills (Goal, setting, attentional focus,
imagery, relaxation etc.)
➔ The mental part plays an important role in peak
performance
3rd Learning goal: understand and describe underlying
framework of X-model
x-model of sport behavior:
1. Sport Situation:
• Task Demands (what must be done, which task)
• Task circumstances -> fluctuating/changing factor (environmental
circumstances such as pitch, ball, weather etc.)
• Task-conditions -> more stable factors/ requirements (rules, time regulations,
rewards etc.)
• Task-relations (Team, solo, coach-relations etc.)
2. Person/ Athlete:
➔ Psychophysiological state
• Stable/habitual characteristics (physical, technical, psychological, tactical)
• Variable/momentaneous characteristics (current capacity at a certain event)
➔ Actual vs. required characteristics
• Actual (IST-situation) -> what are the actual KSAO’s?
• Required (Soll-situation) -> what are the required KSAO’s?
, 3. Sport behavior:
• Effort (psychological & physiological)
• Strategy/ tactics/ action plan
• Movement Behavior
Action theory (analyzing sport behavior)
➔ The development of psychological functions as well as psychological traits
states, and processes are considered fundamentally related to action.
➔ Argues that sport activity is always performed directed to a goal
➔ Action-regulation function
➔ Breaking down the task hierarchically in sub-components
➔ Personal factors: which ones affect which component ?
4. Sport Outcomes:
• Performance (result of box 3)
Objective (time, distance etc.)
Subjective: Execution (jury, gymnastics etc.)
Combination
• Results (translation of performance in points)
Game result
➔ Same performance can lead to different result depending on performance of
others
5. Outcomes for person:
• Positive (game pleasure, competence etc.)
• Negative (fatigue, injury, depression, anxiety)
➔ Feedback loops: performance outcomes can influence the antecedents for the
next time
, Lecture 2 – motor learning
Sport psychology
Control of motor actions: The degrees of freedom problem
• Problem: there are many degrees of freedom in the motor system. They need to be
reduced or controlled such that effective control of motor movement is possible
• The human body has an immense amount of degrees of freedom (over 100 joints, 750
muscles, over 10.00 motor units)
• Flexibility & controllability are playing an important role
Solution (according to Bernstein):
➔ Motor learning (control of the many degrees of freedom) is the SOLUTION
First stage:
• Some degrees of freedom are temporarily ‘frozen’
• Leaving out some body parts on active control
Second stage:
• Slowly increasing the number of degrees of freedom that are actively involved in
control of motor movement
Third stage:
• Forces related to the movement are incorporated in active control and execution of the
movement
Stages of learning (Fitts & Posner):
1) Verbal-cognitive stage
- Beginner stage / learning the basics
- Verbal & cognitive processes (especially working memory) are dominant
- Attention on verbalization of task -> translating into motor movement
- Verbal memory is stored only temporarily in WM
- Role of coach -> emphasis on instruction
2) Associative-motor stage
- Attention on refinement of the skill (skill refinement)
- Kinesthetic skill -> getting a feeling for what is the right performance/ which
movements feels right
- Picking up own errors & correcting -> skill because a new organized skill
- Feedback needs to be specific & concise
- Role of coach: skill refinement/ quality of movement
3) Autonomous stage:
- Automatic movement execution without much attentional processes/ conscious
knowledge
- Automatic switching to another movement, anticipation of actions of opponents
- Committed to long-term memory
- Daily tasks such as walking/ cycling or experts in sport
Voordelen van het kopen van samenvattingen bij Stuvia op een rij:
Verzekerd van kwaliteit door reviews
Stuvia-klanten hebben meer dan 700.000 samenvattingen beoordeeld. Zo weet je zeker dat je de beste documenten koopt!
Snel en makkelijk kopen
Je betaalt supersnel en eenmalig met iDeal, creditcard of Stuvia-tegoed voor de samenvatting. Zonder lidmaatschap.
Focus op de essentie
Samenvattingen worden geschreven voor en door anderen. Daarom zijn de samenvattingen altijd betrouwbaar en actueel. Zo kom je snel tot de kern!
Veelgestelde vragen
Wat krijg ik als ik dit document koop?
Je krijgt een PDF, die direct beschikbaar is na je aankoop. Het gekochte document is altijd, overal en oneindig toegankelijk via je profiel.
Tevredenheidsgarantie: hoe werkt dat?
Onze tevredenheidsgarantie zorgt ervoor dat je altijd een studiedocument vindt dat goed bij je past. Je vult een formulier in en onze klantenservice regelt de rest.
Van wie koop ik deze samenvatting?
Stuvia is een marktplaats, je koop dit document dus niet van ons, maar van verkoper madlen19. Stuvia faciliteert de betaling aan de verkoper.
Zit ik meteen vast aan een abonnement?
Nee, je koopt alleen deze samenvatting voor €7,49. Je zit daarna nergens aan vast.
Is Stuvia te vertrouwen?
4,6 sterren op Google & Trustpilot (+1000 reviews)
Afgelopen 30 dagen zijn er 53340 samenvattingen verkocht
Opgericht in 2010, al 14 jaar dé plek om samenvattingen te kopen