Samenvatting van Empirical Methods. Bevat alle lecture slides en readings voor het eerste tentamen in blok 1.
Summary Empirical Methods. Covers all lecture slides and readings for the exam in Block 1.
Passed the exam with 8.5
We assume that people watch the play, listen to the music à and it has an impact
Do people talk about art (their visit to the museum for example) with other people?
No à Not much happened
What is government?
- Making collectively binding decisions
- Many forms and shapes
o Parliamentary democracy – Republic, Monarchy
o Autocratic regimes
o Theocratic regimes
o Freedom of speech / Ownership rights
- Local – Regional – National – International
- (Neo)Liberal – Social-Democratic – Communist
What is public policy?
- Planned effort in time
- Goal oriented (though they can be vague or implicit)
o If they are vague it is easier to agree on something
- Instruments (certain things to achieve the goal)
- Not doing anything is policy too!
à Formal policies: Written down (UK, NL, North Europe)
à Informal policies: Not written down, you have to reduce them from what people actually
do (Germany, Italy, South Europe)
Implicit Policies: Several branches of municipality active
- Culture, economics, spatial planning, environmental dept, police à permits
(vergunningen)
1
,Cultural Policy is ‘cultural’:
- It is a discursive practice
o Assigning meaning to art and culture in society
o Discourse between people, institutions and systems
§ We try to understand what meaning these policy documents assign to
art/culture
o From a perspective of public authorities
o To be studied through cultural means: form, meanings
(Product of the interactions of people/Version of the conversations between them)
Policy Traditions (Mulcahy):
- Cultural States
o Hegemonic claim
o Role state self-evident
o Government support for the arts
o Protect national art and culture (national identity and pride)
à France: Significant government investment in the arts and culture sectors
- Protectionist
o Threat
o Minority cultures
o Restrict international trade to help domestic industries
o Protect domestic arts
à US: Has employed protectionist policies to safeguard domestic industries
à Canada
2
, - Social-Democratic
o Right to culture
o Strong emphasis on access
o National/local collaboration
o Social welfare
o Social equality
à Significant funding to the arts and cultural sectors
à Sweden, Denmark, Norway, the Netherlands
- Laissez-Faire
o No role for state
o Arts council = outside government
o Support civil society
o Market forces and private funding
à US: Private fundings
Ideal Types / Archetypes
- Mental construct derived from observable reality
- Not representation of ‘real’ reality, nor average
- Simplification / Exaggeration
- Construct ideal used to approximate reality by selecting and accentuating certain
elements
Policy Organization (Hillman-Chartrand & McCaughey)
- Patron State
o Arts Council
o Decisions outside government
- Architect state
o Ministerial Model
o Direct funding
o Policy advice
o Government = Pro-active role in designing and shaping society
- Engineer State
o Self-operating
o Political Goals
o Problem-solving and efficient management
- Facilitator State
o Tax exceptions
o Essentially market driven
à If a state as an architect model it does not necessarily mean social-democratic state
à If it is a social-democratic state it is likely that it has an architect model
3
, Common Trends in Policy Orientations:
- Democratization of culture
- Cultural democracy
- Instrumentalization
o Economic impact
o Social impact
- Rationalization
o New Public Management
o Re-trenching governments
- Creative Economy
- Populism/Nativism
4
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