100% tevredenheidsgarantie Direct beschikbaar na betaling Zowel online als in PDF Je zit nergens aan vast
logo-home
Summary BHCS2005 - Clinical Haematology and Biochemistry - Haematology Metabolism €11,02   In winkelwagen

Samenvatting

Summary BHCS2005 - Clinical Haematology and Biochemistry - Haematology Metabolism

1 beoordeling
 80 keer bekeken  4 keer verkocht
  • Vak
  • Instelling

A complete summary of the metabolic haematology aspect of the BHCS2005 clinical haematology and biochemistry module at Plymouth University.

Voorbeeld 3 van de 20  pagina's

  • 10 november 2023
  • 20
  • 2023/2024
  • Samenvatting
  • Onbekend

1  beoordeling

review-writer-avatar

Door: rafaelaferreira • 5 maanden geleden

Very poor quality information, lots of grammar mistakes.

reply-writer-avatar

Door: hawkinsella2002 • 5 maanden geleden

This is not the case as the notes are summaries and are in bullet points so grammar is irrelevant. This customer was extremely rude and didn’t read what she ordered. All the information is derived from the module.

avatar-seller
Haematology Metabolism Cheat Sheet



Metabolic Syndrome

 Three types of diabetes

o Type one - autoimmune attack

o Type two - Metabolic syndrome

o Gestational Diabetes

 Metabolic syndrome is a cluster of medical disorders that increase the risk of type 2 diabetes
and cardiovascular disease

o Factors that contribute include obesity, insulin resistance and hyperglycaemia



Obesity and Diabetes

 Obesity causes defective insulin responsiveness leading to insulin resistance

o This results in compensatory beta cell function leading to hyperglycaemia

 Obesity causes insulin resistance due to inflammatory, adipocrine and lipid stress



Insulin Signalling Pathway

 Insulin > IR > IRS1 > PI3K > AKT2 > GLUT4 > Glucose Uptake



Fatty Acid Oxidation

 Fatty acids accumulate due to biosynthesis, storage, transport, catabolism and from dietary
intake

 The body performs fatty acid oxidation by

o Mitochondrial beta oxidation

o ATP/ADP ratio

o Energy expenditure



Insulin Resistance

 Fatty acids cause beta oxidation however limiting oxidative catabolism causes the build up of
harmful intermediates

o This activates protein kinases and results in decreased glucose uptake

 Lipid intermediates are formed from insulin resistance which include

, o GM3

o DAG

o Ceraminde

o Acylcarnitine

 Insulin resistance affects mitochondrial activity including glucose uptake, glycogen and
protein synthesis and mitochondrial biogenesis



Holloszy Argument

 This states that mitochondrial capacity does not limit fatty acid oxidation in obesity



Pancreatic Beta Cells

 Pancreatic beta cells cause glucose stimulated insulin secretion

 This occurs due to a rise in ATP from glycolysis, TCA and OXPHOS

o This causes depolarisation of voltage gated Ca2+ channels

o An increase in Ca2+ in the nucleus causes insulin secretion

 Pancreatic beta cell failure causes glucolipotoxicity

o This can cause impaired glucose secretion

 Sulphonylureas also trigger insulin secretion by binding to SUR1 subunits of K ATP channels
which closes them



Reactive Oxygen Species

 ROS have unpaired electrons

 The production of free radicals required NADPH

 A one electron reduction yields a superoxide anion radical which reacts with anything it
bumps into

o Oxygen + Ie- = superoxide

 A two electron reduction yields hydrogen peroxide

 A singlet oxygen is formed when one electron is excited to a higher energy level

 Transition metals donate or accept free electrons via intracellular reactions to help create
free radicals

 SOD is an enzyme that catalyses the dismutation of the superoxide radical into either
molecular oxygen or hydrogen peroxide

 In the mitochondria, ROS cause

, o Redox signalling

o Mitochondrial dysfunction

o Apoptosis and necrosis

o Disease and ageing



ROS Measurements

 ROS are measured using

o Fluorescent probes

o Mass Spec probes

o ESR probes - spin of unpaired electrons can be detected using ESR spectroscopy

 Small fluorescent probes are used to detect superoxide

o These include DCFH and hydroethidine

 Hydroethidine can target mitochondria using MitoSOX

 Free radicals can be stabilised using spin traps

o Spin traps covalently bind free radicals producing adducts that can be detected by
electron spin resonance



Cellular Respiration

 Proton slip is a decrease in pumping efficiency due to partial and variable decoupling of
chemical reaction and proton transfer

 Proton leak is when proton return to the matrix independently of ATP synthase

o Uncoupling proteins act as channels to let protons flow

 Electron leak is the exit of electrons prior to the reduction of oxygen to water at cytochrome
C oxidase causing a production of superoxide

 Electron slip is where electrons are transferred through respiratory complexes without
pumping protons into the intermembrane space



Fenton’s Reaction

 In Fenton's reaction, the ferrous and/or ferric cation decomposes catalytically hydrogen
peroxide to generate powerful oxidizing agents

 Capable of generating both hydroxyl radicals and higher oxidation states of iron causing free
radical damage

Voordelen van het kopen van samenvattingen bij Stuvia op een rij:

Verzekerd van kwaliteit door reviews

Verzekerd van kwaliteit door reviews

Stuvia-klanten hebben meer dan 700.000 samenvattingen beoordeeld. Zo weet je zeker dat je de beste documenten koopt!

Snel en makkelijk kopen

Snel en makkelijk kopen

Je betaalt supersnel en eenmalig met iDeal, creditcard of Stuvia-tegoed voor de samenvatting. Zonder lidmaatschap.

Focus op de essentie

Focus op de essentie

Samenvattingen worden geschreven voor en door anderen. Daarom zijn de samenvattingen altijd betrouwbaar en actueel. Zo kom je snel tot de kern!

Veelgestelde vragen

Wat krijg ik als ik dit document koop?

Je krijgt een PDF, die direct beschikbaar is na je aankoop. Het gekochte document is altijd, overal en oneindig toegankelijk via je profiel.

Tevredenheidsgarantie: hoe werkt dat?

Onze tevredenheidsgarantie zorgt ervoor dat je altijd een studiedocument vindt dat goed bij je past. Je vult een formulier in en onze klantenservice regelt de rest.

Van wie koop ik deze samenvatting?

Stuvia is een marktplaats, je koop dit document dus niet van ons, maar van verkoper hawkinsella2002. Stuvia faciliteert de betaling aan de verkoper.

Zit ik meteen vast aan een abonnement?

Nee, je koopt alleen deze samenvatting voor €11,02. Je zit daarna nergens aan vast.

Is Stuvia te vertrouwen?

4,6 sterren op Google & Trustpilot (+1000 reviews)

Afgelopen 30 dagen zijn er 82191 samenvattingen verkocht

Opgericht in 2010, al 14 jaar dé plek om samenvattingen te kopen

Start met verkopen

Laatst bekeken door jou


€11,02  4x  verkocht
  • (1)
  Kopen