EPPP - Exam 2 (Correct Answers)
1. A high LPC leader
a. Treats his least favorite worker well
b. Treats his least favorite worker poorly
c. Treats his favorite worker like his least favorite worker
d. Has an ambivalent style toward his workers.īCorrect Answers1. A-- Fiedler's Contingenc...
EPPP - Exam 2 (Correct Answers)
1. A high LPC leader
a. Treats his least favorite worker well
b. Treats his least favorite worker poorly
c. Treats his favorite worker like his least favorite worker
d. Has an ambivalent style toward his workers.īCorrect Answers1. A-- Fiedler's
Contingency Theory proposed that in terms of a leader's style and the favorableness of
a situation, the latter was determined by the degree to which the leader could control
and influence their subordinate. Fiedler described a leader's style by his or her scores
on his Least Preferred Coworker Scale. A high LPC leader describes their least
preferred coworker in positive terms and these leaders are primarily relationship
oriented. Note that the question talks about how a leader "treats" their worker rather
than how they "describe" the worker.. While these are not exactly the same concepts,
the EPPP will take these type of liberties so this is an example of choosing an answer
that is in the "ballpark".
2. From Wolpe's classical conditioning perspective, neurotic depression:
a. is a conditioned response that can be alleviated through extinction trials in which the
neutral (conditioned) stimulus is
repeatedly presented without the depression-inducing (unconditioned) stimulus.
b. is a response to anxiety and can, therefore, be alleviated by using systematic
desensitization to eliminate the anxiety.
c. is due to attributional biases that, through conditioning, have become associated with
certain types of events and can be
eliminated through reattribution training.
d. results when there is an absence of response contingent reinforcement and is best
treated by counterconditioning in which
depression is paired with a variety of pleasure-producing (unconditioned) stimuli.Correct
Answers2. B-- Even if you are unfamiliar with Wolpe's explanation of depression, you
may have been able to pick the right answer to this question as long as you have him
associated with systematic desensitization. Wolpe distinguished between several types
of depression. He linked neurotic depression to anxiety and considered systematic
desensitization to be an effective treatment.
3. You receive a letter from the current therapist of a former client. The therapist wants
you to forward a copy of the client's records, and she encloses a signed release from
the client. The client still owes you for ten therapy sessions, and you notify the client
that you will not release the records until a satisfactory payment arrangement has been
made. According to the Ethics Code, this
a. is clearly unethical.
b. may be acceptable if the client's records are not "imminently needed."
c. may be acceptable if you had informed the client of your policy when he began
treatment.
d. may be acceptable if you previously attempted to collect the fees and the client was
uncooperative.Correct Answers3. B-- This issue is covered by Standard 6.03 of the
Ethics Code, which states that "Psychologists may not withhold records under their
,control that are requested and needed for a client's/patient's emergency treatment
solely because payment has not been received."
4. To reduce their liability risk, managed care organizations are most likely to do which
of the following?
a. insure their providers are credentialed
b. reduce the amount of time between date of claim submission and approval of claim
c. utilization review
d. pay their providers a reasonable reimbursement rateCorrect Answers4. A-- Managed
care organizations typically require all their providers to be credentialed. This helps to
insure that their providers are competent and, consequently, reduces their risk of
liability. Utilization Review (C) is a cost containment procedure involving an evaluation
of patients' use of services to identify any unnecessary or inappropriate use of health
care resources.
5. A professional working in the field of psychophysics would be most interested in:
a. the all-or-none principle.
b. just noticeable differences.
c. functional brain imaging.
d. long-term potentiation.Correct Answers5. B-- Psychophysics is the study of the
relationship between the magnitude of a physical stimulus and the internal sensation
associated with that magnitude. One method for studying this relationship is to
determine just noticeable differences, or the amount of change in physical stimulus
magnitude that is needed to notice the change.
6. According to Ellen Berscheid's Emotion-in-Relationships Model partners in long-term
relationships are most likely to:
a. underestimate their emotional investment in the relationship when things are running
smoothly
b. overestimate their emotional investment in the relationship when things are running
smoothly
c. experience the most intense positive emotions after several years into the
relationship
d. focus on attributions which are external to their partners and themselves to
understand their relationshipCorrect Answers6. A-- Ellen Berscheid's Emotion-in-
Relationships Model proposes that positive and negative emotions are most likely to
occur in a relationship when the partner's behavior interrupts the individual's typical on-
going behaviors. Thus, when things are running smoothly, there are fewer interruptions
and less intense emotions. Although the partners are highly interdependent during this
period, they are also more likely to underestimate their emotional investment. Choice C
reflects the opposite of Berscheid's model because there are more surprises or
interruptions to the status quo in the early stage of a relationship -- which results in the
most positive (and negative) emotions. Choice D is incorrect because Berscheid
suggests that partners (and researchers) tend to underestimate the importance of
external situational factors in a relationship (E. Berscheid, Interpersonal relationships. In
L. W. Porter & M. R. Rosenzweig (Eds.), Annual review of psychology, 1994, (pp. 79-
129). Palo Alto, CA: Annual Reviews).
7. You are commuting to work early in the morning at 15 mph over the speed limit. You
glance in your rearview mirror and notice blue flashing lights. You slow down and pull
,over. According to French and Raven's ideas about social power, which type of power
are you attributing to the policemen?
a. legitimate
b. reward
c. informational
d. referentCorrect Answers7. A-- According to French and Raven (1959), in the case of
legitimate authority, the target believes the influencing agent has legitimate authority.
With reward power (response B), the influencing agent has control over valued rewards
and resources. And, what you are about to receive from the policeman will not be a
reward. With informational power (response C), the influencing agent possesses
specific information needed by the target person, and with referent power (response D),
the target identifies with or likes the influencing agent.
8. Recently the relationship between Frank and one of his adult sons has become
increasingly tense, conflicted and distant. Frank considers himself a loving and
supportive father. He dismisses the problem as a temporary "phase" to avoid the
situation. Frank's attempt to explain away the problem, according to Whitbourne's self-
concept model, is an attempt to maintain his own self-concept through:
a. identity assimilation
b. identity accommodation
c. identity styles
d. rationalizationCorrect Answers8. A-- Identity process theory proposes that
adjustment to aging can be conceptualized as involving the three processes of identity
assimilation (maintaining self-consistency), identity accommodation (making changes in
the self), and identity balance (maintaining a sense of self but changing when
necessary). Despite the changes in the relationship with his son, Frank continues to
think of himself as having a loving relationship in order to maintain his consistent sense
of self. Research indicates only identity balance is positively related to internal state
awareness, suggesting that the ability to incorporate age-related changes within an
identity and at the same time maintain a consistent and positive view of the self is most
conducive to successful aging. (See: Sneed, J.R. & Whitbourne, S.K. (2003). Identity
Processing and Self-Consciousness in Middle and Later Adulthood. The Journals of
Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences, 58, 313-319.)
9. A factorial design, unlike a two group design:
a. allows more independent variables to be studied
b. requires a larger sample
c. shows the effect of an independent variable on the dependent variable
d. cannot detect a curvilinear relationship between variablesCorrect Answers9. A-- In a
two group design, one group is exposed to a treatment and another, control group, is
not exposed or gets a different treatment. The results of both groups are tested in order
to compare the effects of treatment. A factorial design is a design with more than one
independent variable. In this design, the independent variables are simultaneously
investigated to determine the independent and interactive influence they have on the
dependent variable. The effect of each independent variable on the dependent variable
(c.) is called a main effect and in a factorial design there are as many main effects as
there are independent variables. An interaction effect between two or more independent
variables occurs when the effect that one independent variable has on the dependent
, variable depends on the level of the other independent variable. At least three levels
must be used to predict a curvilinear relationship (d.).
10. A psychologist is hired as a consultant by an agency which works with homosexual
men whose behavior places them at very high risk for the HIV virus. The psychologist is
asked to work with groups of the agency's clients, with the goal of decreasing high-risk
activity in this population. Assuming the psychologist is familiar with the research in this
area, she is most likely to take which of the following approaches?
a. attempting to engender a group norm of disapproval for high-risk activity
b. providing knowledge to the group about AIDS
c. threatening the group with punishment if they don't change their behavior
d. taking a laissez-faire approach and letting the group learn on its own how dangerous
its behavior isCorrect Answers10. B-- Studies show that, among individuals who are at
high-risk for the AIDS virus, knowledge about AIDS is a better predictor of less risk-
taking behavior than perceived peer norms. Thus, choice B is the best answer. By
contrast, among low-risk groups, perceived peer norms are a better predictor. So if this
question was about the best strategy for low-risk groups, choice A would have been a
better answer.
11. Individuals who recall memories under hypnosis, compared to non-hypnotized
individuals,
a. have more confidence in their memories and are more likely to recall events
accurately.
b. have more confidence in their memories but are less likely to recall events
accurately.
c. have less confidence in their memories and are less likely to recall events accurately.
d. have less confidence in their memories but are more likely to recall events
accurately.Correct Answers11. B-- Research shows that memories retrieved under
hypnosis tend to be less accurate than other memories. Nonetheless, individuals who
recall information while under hypnosis have greater confidence in their memories as
compared to controls. In some research studies, hypnotized subjects were reluctant to
admit that their memories were inaccurate even when confronted with clear evidence
demonstrating this to be the case.
12. A client suspects that she may have been sexually abused as a child, although she
has no conscious recollection of the abuse. She asks her psychologist to use hypnosis
to help her retrieve any repressed memories she may have of any abuse. The
psychologist should:
a. agree to use hypnosis only if he or she has obtained adequate training and
experience in it's use.
b. agree to use hypnosis but take detailed notes in the event of future legal action and
avoid asking the client any leading
questions.
c. advise against the use hypnosis, but recommend the use of guided imagery, which
may be more admissible in court.
d. advise the patient that hypnosis may produce false recollections of abuse and is
therefore inappropriate.Correct Answers12. D-- In a report titled "Final Conclusions of
the American Psychological Association Working Group on Investigation of Memories of
Childhood Abuse" [Psychology, Public Policy, and Law, 2000, 4 (4), 933-940] the
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