Introduction
Functions of law
- Order or safety
- Justice
- Protection of individual rights
- Protection of community
- Social life
- Protection of property
Rules, norms and principles
- Rules: any expression of regularity
- Norms: frameworks for shaping behaviour on a general level everybody agrees (no sanction)
- Principles: represent values that orient and rule the conduct of persons in particular society.
- Principles are more abstract than rules and not everybody agrees the same principles,
principles are not really black or white, and principles play a role in filling gaps in law.
- Conflicted rules: higher > lower, newer > older, more specific > generic
Law & Regulation
- Enacted law
o Constitution: basic principles that apply within a particular country
o Statutes: created by the first and second chamber in the Netherlands
o Governmental regulation
- Unwritten law
o Customary law: there has to be a regulatory
o General principles of law
- Civil law: ‘Investigators’, interpretation
- Common law: ‘Arbiters between parties’, strict
- Trias Politica: Legislative (create), executive (apply) & judiciary (interpret)
- Hierarchy: statutes » observation » enforcement
- Law » aimed at regulating behaviour. Regulation » achieve certain goals, get people do that!
Private law
Private law
- Private law is the part of law that covers private relationships.
- Private parties are free to regulate their own affairs, private law provides only restrictions
Contract
1. Formation (different ways, parties accept obligations, intention only is not enough)
2. Consequences (content / interpretation, remedies in case of non-performance)
3. Termination
, Defects of will to be bound
Contract invalid / voided / rescission
- Mistake - Threat
- Fraud - Undue influence
Remedies of contract
If party fails to perform obligations under contract (breach/default), other party can invoke remedies
- Specific performance (defendant has to (refrain to) act in a certain way
- Award of damages (physical injury, property damage or pure economic loss)
- Termination (for breach, for cause, at will, right under conditions)
Tort law
- Tort law is part of private law, concerned with non-contractual liability (also outside contract)
- Central issue: ‘liberty’ vs ‘accountability’
Aims of tort law
- Compensation of victim for consequences of the tort
- Prevention: threat of paying damages may provide an incentive against harmful behaviour
Enforcement
- Obtain award of damages (most important remedy)
- Injunction: court tells what someone has to do
- Private penalty/fine
- Extra-judicial enforcement
- Contractual: termination, withholding, performance
Types of liability
- Fault-based liability (own fault)
o Fault (infringement or a right, violation of statutory duty, violating unwritten law)
o Damage (physical injury, property damage, pure economic loss)
o Causality (consequence, connection, attributability)
- Vicarious liability (someone else’s fault » child, employee)
- Pure risk-based liability (without fault » animal, weather)
- Internet Serv. Prov. liability (not liable if not aware of copyright/privacy, only if commercial)
Negligence
Reference to the way a reasonable man should act
- Try not to create undue risk
- Try to avoid harming other’s interest
Property law
- Property law is part of private law, create rights and obligations against everyone
- Difference with contract law: no personal rights or relations with one or multiple persons
Objects
- Tangible (touchable)
o Immovables: attached to land in a durable manner
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