College aantekeningen
Lecture and article summary - Qualitative Research Methods - 2023 - Grade 8.5
- Vak
- 6442HQRMY
- Instelling
- Universiteit Leiden (UL)
Lecture notes and summary of reading notes
[Meer zien]Voorbeeld 3 van de 24 pagina's
Voorbeeld 3 van de 24 pagina's
In winkelwagengesponsord bericht van onze partner
Voorbeeld van de inhoud
Notes – Qualitative Research Methods 2023Lecture 01: 31/10/2023
Qualitative and Quantitative Research
The ‘why’ question issue:
- Some scholars argue that only quantitative research can answer why questions and explain something.
- Qualitative research is seen as descriptive (how, what).
- However, both quantitative and qualitative research can describe and explain.
Theda Skocpol: States and Social Revolutions
- Why did social revolutions occur in dissimilar cases -> most different systems design.
- France, Russia, and China went through a social revolution.
- Three factors mattered the most:
- low state capacity, peasant uprising, and clear leadership through revolutionary elites.
Robert Putnam: Making Democracy work
- Why did democratic regional governments in modern Italy succeed and others failed -> subnational.
- Worked in the north because of civic traditions: more social capital, more trust among citizens and in
government institutions, and active participation in community organisations.
Causal-process observations (CPOs) Data-set observations (DSOs)
Qualitative research Quantitative research
Explain individual cases: Estimate average effect of IVs across
- Causes-of-effects approach many cases:
- We want to understand - Effects-of causes approach
the effects of the cause we - We see effects and want to
see. see what they cause.
Approach to explanation
- Close investigation of - Usage of minimalistic
causal processes. definitions of concepts:
- Explain a group/ type of democracy as a dummy IV.
cases by explaining cases - Tells us little about how X
within this group. affects Y in any single case.
Correlational cause:
Necessary and sufficient cause: - Probability/ statistical theory
Conception of causation
- mathematical logic If X is on average associated with Y,
then X likely matters for Y.
Narrow scope to avoid causal Broad scope to maximise statistical
Scope of generalisation
heterogeneity leverage and generalisation
Methodology vs Method
- Methodology refers to the presuppositions concerning ontology – the reality of the thing being studied –
and epistemology – its knowability – which inform a set of methods.
- Method refers to the specific tools through which the research design and its logic are carried out.
- Methods depend on the methodology in which the researcher believes.
,Notes – Qualitative Research Methods 2023
Lecture 02: 03/11/2023
Research Questions and Puzzles for Qualitative Research
What kind of research we undertake depends on presuppositions:
- Ontology: what is the nature of the world out there that we want to study?
- Epistemology: what research can we undertake?
Interpretitive empirical research (Chicago School tradition)
Researchers argue that the world is socially constructed.
- The knowledge is historically situated and entangled in power relationships.
- Researchers access intersubjective understandings.
- Data is co-generated and not just collected.
- Interviewees give data dependent on the interviewer.
- Interviewers want to understand the understanding of the interviewee.
Focuses on actors’ specific situated meanings and meaning-making practices in given contexts.
- Particularly interested in language and other symbolic systems.
- Creation of discursive practices (third world countries, etc.) which creates new understandings.
- Interpretivists show the power relations which are created through discursive practices and
meaning.
- Asks about the political power dimensions of what we do as researchers.
- Power relationships in every dimension -> showing that neutrality is impossible -> making these explicit.
Example: Timothy Pachirat – Every Twelve Seconds
- Research under-cover in a slaughterhouse.
- Slaughterhouses work as a microcosm for life in advanced industrial capitalism.
- Showed not only how the industry works but also how society works.
- How we facilitate violent behaviour, without having implications.
- Those out of sight do the dirty work.
- We are hiding things we benefit from but do not want to contemplate.
- Only specific to advanced industrial capitalism.
Positivist research
- Realist understanding of the world.
- We can observe something in the world that we can study independently.
- Establish what really happened in a setting.
- Positivist are looking for facts.
- Fieldwork gives raw data which needs to be collected.
Research questions
There are not qualitative and quantitative research questions:
- However, some questions might be better suited for one of the methods.
- Some dimensions of the same question might be better suited for one of the methods.
- Some wordings are more in tune with one of the methods.
- Quantitative
- Probability, likelihood, average effect, to what extent, etc.
- Qualitative
- Why, How (deep understandings), etc.
, Notes – Qualitative Research Methods 2023
Lecture 03: 07/11/2023
Case-study Research
Book: Engineers of Jihad
- Why are engineering students overrepresented in suicide missions (puzzle)?
- Islamic countries encourage the study of engineering, however there is a job shortage.
- Particular mindset of the students seeking order and discipline of the students.
- Individual motivations for political violence and selective recruitment to radical activism.
Case study
- Went from mere description to causal inference.
- Shift because we have a higher standard for causality and there are limitations of mainstream
statistics.
- Correlation ≠ causation, incomplete explanations, good in empirics but poor in theory.
- Case studies can be qualitative but also quantitative.
- Intensive study of a single case or a small number of cases where the purpose of the study is to shed light
on a larger class of cases.
- Characterises the depth but does not define the type of data/ evidence.
- Provides guidance regarding the number of cases.
- Defines the purpose of the study.
- Limitation: excludes studies that aim to explain or interpret a single case but not to generalise
beyond it.
- What is a case?
- Spatially and/ or temporally delimited phenomenon.
- Observable at a point in time or over time.
- Compromises the type of phenomenon that we aim to study.
- Cases are always an instance of something else (a theoretically defined class of events)!
- Phenomenon of scientific interest -> class of events -> sub-class of events -> case
- Nuclear proliferation, non-proliferation treaties, sanctions, UN sanctions on Iran
- Migration and refugees, migration policies, refugee resettlement, Syrian refugee crises
- Usage of case studies:
- Provide a thick description of the case.
- Explain historical cases and important outcomes.
- Develop explanations of understudied phenomena.
- Confirm or cast doubt on necessary/ sufficient conditions.
- Explaining causal mechanisms.
- Contribute to theory.
- Develop, refine, or test theory.
Idiographic case studies
- The aim is to describe, explain, interpret, and understand a single case as an end rather than a vehicle for
developing broader theoretical generalisations (descriptive contextualisation).
- Inductive/ descriptive case studies
- It is highly descriptive and lacks an explicit theoretical framework to guide the empirical analysis.
- It takes the form of total history, meaning that everything is connected.
- It just states the facts but does not analyse them.
- Theory-guided case studies
- The aim is to explain or interpret a single historical episode rather than to generalise beyond it.
- Unlike inductive case studies, they are structured by a developed conceptual framework focusing
on some aspects.
Voordelen van het kopen van samenvattingen bij Stuvia op een rij:
Verzekerd van kwaliteit door reviews
Stuvia-klanten hebben meer dan 700.000 samenvattingen beoordeeld. Zo weet je zeker dat je de beste documenten koopt!
Snel en makkelijk kopen
Je betaalt supersnel en eenmalig met iDeal, creditcard of Stuvia-tegoed voor de samenvatting. Zonder lidmaatschap.
Focus op de essentie
Samenvattingen worden geschreven voor en door anderen. Daarom zijn de samenvattingen altijd betrouwbaar en actueel. Zo kom je snel tot de kern!
Veelgestelde vragen
Wat krijg ik als ik dit document koop?
Je krijgt een PDF, die direct beschikbaar is na je aankoop. Het gekochte document is altijd, overal en oneindig toegankelijk via je profiel.
Tevredenheidsgarantie: hoe werkt dat?
Onze tevredenheidsgarantie zorgt ervoor dat je altijd een studiedocument vindt dat goed bij je past. Je vult een formulier in en onze klantenservice regelt de rest.
Van wie koop ik deze samenvatting?
Stuvia is een marktplaats, je koop dit document dus niet van ons, maar van verkoper teaksgardens-0r. Stuvia faciliteert de betaling aan de verkoper.
Zit ik meteen vast aan een abonnement?
Nee, je koopt alleen deze samenvatting voor €12,49. Je zit daarna nergens aan vast.
Is Stuvia te vertrouwen?
4,6 sterren op Google & Trustpilot (+1000 reviews)
Afgelopen 30 dagen zijn er 82871 samenvattingen verkocht
Opgericht in 2010, al 14 jaar dé plek om samenvattingen te kopen