Lecture I
know the diagnostic criteria mentioned in the lectures, not the whole DSM-5
approx. 45 MCQs
- mock exam – very similar difficulty to actual exam
- both lectures & tutorials
TIPS for reading scientific papers:
- discussion à most important part
Stress
What is stress?
- external demands placed on an organism
- organism’s internal biological & psychological responses to such demands
(1) stressor
• physical – heat, cold, noise
• psychological - conflicts, competition
(2) strain
• physical – direct tissue damage
• psychological – adverse emotional
(3) stressor*strain
• continuous interactions and adjustments between individual & environments
(transactions)
Stress: Dimensions of responses:
(1) physical symptoms
• allergies
• headaches
• sweating
(2) psychological symptoms
• low self-confidence
• depression
• negative emotions – anger, fear, sadness
(3) maladaptive coping behaviour
• resting badly
• being less active
• bad nutrition/binge eating
• substance abuse
Quality
Þ Distress
• “bad” side of stress
Þ Eustress
• stress that is triggered by positive events in life
• e.g.: wedding, promotion at work
• less negative responses from the body compared to distress
Does Stress influence our behaviour?
Þ stress influences behaviour
• effect of stress on eating
o overeat
, § women are more likely to do that when they’re stressed
o undereat
§ men are more likely
o no change
• substance use
o alcohol
o cocaine
o social drinkers (control group)
o drug/alcohol cue => higher desire/craving to drink/take drugs
o stress condition => less craving
What factors determine how we react to stress?
Þ familiarity with stressor influences stress reaction
o getting more familiar with stress = get used to stressor = react in a less negative
way
o stressor would be less intense; shorter in duration
Þ frequency of how you encounter the stressor
o stressors are long in duration à PTSD
Þ level of involvement
o witnesses/survivors of 9/11
o those who are physically close to the incidents or lost sth à more likely to report
PTSD
o more closely you are affected = more stressed
Þ personality factors
o 2 groups of people before the stressor and after intense stressors
§ low social support, procrastinators = higher levels of stress
§ compared to others
, Stress: General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS)
3 stages:
1. Alarm Reaction
- once you perceive external stressor
- body mobilised to prepare for fight or flight
- huge increase in arousal level to prepare the body
2. Stage of Resistance
- arousal remains high
- trying to cope
- energy will be continuously consumed in order to cope with the stressor
3. Exhaustion Stage
- energy level starts to decrease
- arousal decreases
è short stress – ends at stage of resistance
è chronic stress -> go through Exhaustion Stage (which makes stress dangerous )
Transactional Model of Stress
- perceive the presence of the stressor
1. Primary appraisal
- interpret whether the stimulus is a positive/negative/irrelevant event
- if stressor = threat
- then go to
2. Secondary Appraisal
- see if they have enough resources to deal with it
3. Cope/Reappraise
- if stress => come up with coping mechanisms
Measuring Life Stress
Þ Life Events (Holmes & Rahe)
o social readjustment scale – questionnaire
§ negative vents in life + score
§ remember whether you have encountered the events in the past 2 years
o aim: over 300 points you are more likely to developed health problems that are
induced by stress
§ heart attacks
§ leukaemia
§ flu
o (-) requires memorising all the negative events
§ memory biases - makes the Q less precise
o (-) no causal connections
§ score high à doesn’t mean that those stressor cause health problems later
on
Þ Daily Hassles – an alternative
o minor/annoying events occurring on a daily basis
§ add up to create a stressful event
o better than the previous one
§ assessing the events on a daily basis (got rid of the memory biases
problem)
Voordelen van het kopen van samenvattingen bij Stuvia op een rij:
Verzekerd van kwaliteit door reviews
Stuvia-klanten hebben meer dan 700.000 samenvattingen beoordeeld. Zo weet je zeker dat je de beste documenten koopt!
Snel en makkelijk kopen
Je betaalt supersnel en eenmalig met iDeal, creditcard of Stuvia-tegoed voor de samenvatting. Zonder lidmaatschap.
Focus op de essentie
Samenvattingen worden geschreven voor en door anderen. Daarom zijn de samenvattingen altijd betrouwbaar en actueel. Zo kom je snel tot de kern!
Veelgestelde vragen
Wat krijg ik als ik dit document koop?
Je krijgt een PDF, die direct beschikbaar is na je aankoop. Het gekochte document is altijd, overal en oneindig toegankelijk via je profiel.
Tevredenheidsgarantie: hoe werkt dat?
Onze tevredenheidsgarantie zorgt ervoor dat je altijd een studiedocument vindt dat goed bij je past. Je vult een formulier in en onze klantenservice regelt de rest.
Van wie koop ik deze samenvatting?
Stuvia is een marktplaats, je koop dit document dus niet van ons, maar van verkoper ilinaaasparuhova. Stuvia faciliteert de betaling aan de verkoper.
Zit ik meteen vast aan een abonnement?
Nee, je koopt alleen deze samenvatting voor €6,49. Je zit daarna nergens aan vast.
