This article received a 'GOOD' one the assessment of the Scientific Writing course that took place during BBS1002. The article is about the intersexual differences between heart rate and blood pressure after exercise.
Intersexual differences in blood pressure (systolic and
diastolic) and heart rate after exercise
Name
ID:
Tutorial group …
Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences (FHML)
Maastricht University
Course BBS1002
Date:
, Introduction hypertension or other cardiovascular diseases.
The human heart is an incredibly complex organ, An effective way to treat hypertension is by
which plays a fundamental role in regulating increasing the frequency of exercise, with even
homeostatic balances in the body. The heart low-activity exercise being substantially helpful
together with the blood and blood vessels make in the treatment of hypertension [5].
up the circulatory system. The primary The treatment of hypertension by the means of
responsibility of the circulatory system is the exercise raises the question whether sexual
transportation of nutrients and the disposal of differences in cardiac structure influences the
waste products. The heart is influenced in effects exercise has on the improvement of
various ways in order to supply the necessary hypertension. Therefore, the aim of this study is
demand of blood to the organs, either by to investigate whether changes in blood pressure
regulating heart rate or blood pressure. The heart (systolic and diastolic) and heart rate after
rate is regulated by means of the autonomic exercise differs between first year male and
nervous system [1], whilst the short-term blood female Biomedical students. Hereby, specifically
pressure regulation is performed by the analyzing the sexual dimorphism of the systolic
baroreceptor reflex and the long-term blood blood pressure.
pressure regulation is executed by the renin-
angiotensin-aldosterone system [2]. Blood Materials and methods
pressure is a sexually dimorphic trait, in which The population that was used to examine the
males are inclined to have a higher blood intersexual differences in blood pressure and
pressure when compared to females from a heart rate after exercise were 412 first year
similar age [3]. The sexual dimorphism of the biomedical sciences students, which studied at
blood pressure is directly linked to the long-term the University of Maastricht. The study
regulation of the blood pressure, which is population consisted of 143 males and 269
performed by the RAAS. A study [4], which was females. The methods, which were used to obtain
conducted to investigate causality for the sexual the required information were the filling in of a
dimorphism of blood pressure used the questionnaire about personal information and the
differences in testosterone concentration between measuring of the heart rate and blood pressure,
sexes as the probable cause. The reasoning for pre and post exercise, by the means of an
the negative influence of testosterone on the automatic sphygmomanometer. The main
RAAS, which results in a higher blood pressure variables that were inquired about in the
is that the difference in the systolic pressure of questionnaire were the age and gender because
prepubescent males is 4 mmHg higher when of the importance that these two factors played in
compared to prepubescent females. Post puberty this study. The heart rate and blood pressure
the difference in systolic pressure is between 10 measurement were performed by the participants
to 14 mmHg higher in males than females, which themselves. The values of the heart rate and
suggest that the difference in hormonal blood pressure were measured three times pre-
concentration of testosterone is the potential exercise by means of the automatic
driving factor for the sexual dimorphism [4]. sphygmomanometer to determine an average
resting value. After completing the pre-exercise
Men are more prone to hypertension in measurements, the participants were asked to
comparison with pre-menopausal females, which perform 30 jumping jacks, while still wearing the
is a consequence of the different hormonal inflatable cuff, this was done in order to perform
values. Hypertension can have fatal post-exercise measurement as swiftly as possible
consequences, since it increases the risk of heart after the exercise, which would result in more
diseases and strokes. After females undergo accurate values. Post-exercise the heart rate and
menopause their progesterone concentration blood pressure measurement were only
fluctuates to stabilize at lower levels than the performed once, because differences in
pre-menopausal value. The change in hormonal performed intensity and duration of exercise can
values results in an increased risk of increase the average heart rate and blood
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