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Summary Komplette Übersicht zum Reading Module (LitCult) (4-6.Semester)

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Hier findest du meine komplette Zusammenfassung zum Reading Module in Literary and Cultural Studies. Enthalten sind die kompletten timelines (Roman Britain - 2023, Literary history, jeweils 3 Werke (zusammengefasst mit allen Key Concepts) und eine Übersicht mit Seitenzahlen am Ende.

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Time of Old English (500-1100 AD) – Historical Background

Before the Romans
• Britain inhabited by several Celtic tribes
55/54 BC • expedition of Julius Caesar during his war against the Gauls (first
contact between Rome and Britain)
 no conquest of Britain but begin of trading relationships
between Britain and Rome

Roman Britain (43-410 CE)
• Motives for the invasion:
 Claudius as new Roman emperor: needed to secure and
strengthen his position by showing military success
 Access to Britain’s natural resources
 Britain as strategic location for further military campaigns
and trade
43 AD • Roman Conquest: Roman troops were sent to Britain by Claudius
and face resistance from local tribes
43-47 AD • Roman troops expanded their control over southeastern Britain
47 AD • Establishment of Britain as Roman province (Exploration of mineral
resources)
 Establishment of client kings in former tribes + allies (south)
vs. revolts (north)
 fights between indigenous tribes and Romans over the next
decades
 Romanization of Britain: cultural, social and economic
changes in Britain (e.g., religion, language and
infrastructure), leaving Roman imprints
 Romans named country and people Britain/Britons (Romans
needed distinction; natives don´t use the name) 1
312-337 AD • Emperor Constantine’s legacy brings Christianity to the Empire,
including Britain
337 AD • Death of Constantine
 barbarian invasion (Picts, Scots, Franks, Saxons), weakening
power of Romans
408/409 AD • Heavy barbarian invasions leading the establishment of several local
leaders
 End of Roman legacy in Britain
 Enslaved celts came back to the middle of Britain




1 Romans needed distinction; natives don‘t use the name

1

,Anglo-Saxon England (5th – 11th century)
5th/6th century • Anglo-Saxon tribes settled in Britain (Saxons, Angles and Jutes)
(first mentioned  Celts were enslaved or fled to the coast
in 410 AD, large  Establishment of several Anglo-Saxon kingdoms with their
numbers from own royal dynasties and hierarchical social structures
430 AD
(monarch on top of social structure)
onwards)
 Power struggles: territorial competition between Anglo-
Saxon tribes/kingdoms + conflict with Britons
 brought Germanic languages that evolved into Old English
 new social values: Loyalty, courage, and service for the
king (Warrior aristocracy), Kinship (dependance of family
from one man)
 religious changes: Pagan believes transition to Christianity
(missionaries converted kingdoms to Christianity)
597 AD • Missionaries (e.g. Augustine of Canterbury) spread Christianity,
leading to establishment of churches and monasteries
 664: Synod of Whitby (efforts to achieve ecclesiastical
unity and resolve differences between Roman and Celtic
Christianity)
 672: Synod at Hertford (Establishment of basic canons for
a church government)
 from 750 AD: parochial system2 (community centred
around a local church) → emergence of towns
th th
7 -8 century • British land was divided into seven Anglo-Saxon kingdoms3
 power struggles: expansional efforts, frequent power
shifts, conflicts, and feuds
 politic strategies: kingly magnificence (Display of wealth
and power to demonstrate authority and prestige),
military aristocracy4
 Britons: retreat to western and northern parts of Britain
(Wales, Cornwall), establishing distinct Celtic kingdoms
→ persistence of Celtic culture and Celtic Christianity
787 AD: • Begin of Viking invasion (followed by several in 835, 865, 871)
 Burned down monasteries (centers of education and
power)
 Established permanent settlements in (north)eastern
England bringing their own culture and tradition to
England (=Danelaw)
 took hostages, jewels, etc. (England had to pay to get it
back)



2 Parish (local church community) organisation and structure: centered around a local church, center of local
community, led by a parish priest (overseen by bishop, and higher authorities), sometimes had legal and
administrative responsabilities → sense of community within a geographical area
3 Kingdoms: Northumbria, Mercia, East Anglia, Wessex, Essex, Sussex, Kent
4 Social class/power based on military role → distinguishing elite class due to status as warrior and land

ownership → central aspect: duty to the king as basis for social role

2

,  By 867: Nearly all Anglo-Saxon kingdoms (excepts Wessex)
are conquered by the Vikings
878 AD • King Alfred of Wessex defeats the Vikings and establishes
boundary between Danelaw and Wessex
 Victory over Danish King Guthrum in battle of Ethandun
led to Peace Treaty
 Norwegian settlements in North-West, Danish settlements
in North-East/East and Anglo-Saxon settlements in South-
West/South
899-970s • Unification of Anglo-Saxon kingdoms
 Alfreds successors military campaigns against the Vikings
bring expansion of Wessex`s territories and the
strengthening of royal authority
→ 973 AD: Regularis Concordia (one rule for all English
houses)
978-1016 AD • Hugh Danish raids and internal problems cause threat to English
unity
1016 AD • Danish King Canute rules over England, Denmark and Norway
 1020s: England was divided into 4 earldoms
(Northumbria, East Anglia, Mercia and Wessex)
 Powershifts between Anglo-Saxon and Danish kings
 1066: successor Edward the Confessor had no heir
→ Harold Godwinson becomes king (Anglo-Saxon)

Time of Old English (500-1100 AD) – Literary History

Language • Old English as primary language spoken and written in England
and Dialects  Germanic roots with Latin and Celtic influences
 Four major dialects: West Saxon, Mercian, Northumbrian,
Kentish
 Most literary works and manuscripts were written in West
Saxon due to the influence of King Alfred (Danelaw & Anglo-
Saxon kingdom → boost for Anglo-Saxon culture)
 Mainly vernacular language and for legal documents
involving the local population
• Latin as standard language for legal, royal, or religious documents
 Language of authority, scholarship, and international
communication
 Strongly influenced place names and Christian words
• Only very few Celtic words (few religious, poetical, place names)
→ Multilingual and multicultural society with different speech
communities

Orality, Oral • Before Anglo-Saxon Era: Use of written literature are influenced by
Performance Roman culture and administrative practices; written and oral
& Literacy tradition & Celtic and Latin existed simultaneously


3

, • Most people were illiterate: early medieval literature transmitted
orally or performed
 Affected creation:
▪ written to be performed (e.g. interjections in
Beowulf “listen”)
▪ For crowds, not for reading in solitude
▪ Poetic meter so that the story was easy to remember
• Revival of literacy and learning under king Alfred: encouraged
education in English rather than Latin
 Increase of Anglo-Saxon culture and manuscript production
 Translation of major Latin works into West Saxon

Manuscripts • Manuscripts mainly produced in monasteries for the elite
&Circulation  Very expensive and work/time intensive
of literature  Four major manuscripts with anthologies or mix of poetry
and prose

Old English • Consists of long lines divided into half-lines by pauses or caesura
Poetry • One or both stressed syllables of the first half-line is/are linked with
the first syllable of the second half-line by alliteration
• Kenning: poetic imagery (e.g. “the whale road” for “sea”) → helped
the scope to remember the lines
• Important forms:
 Riddles, mnemonic poems, Old English elegies
 Religious poems: influence of Christianization, paraphrase
biblical books of Genesis, Exodus, Daniel or Life of Saints
 Heroic poetry:
▪ Deals with the affair and actions of brave
men/heroes
▪ dramatized by monologue/dialogue
▪ interspersed with flashbacks, repetitive summaries,
or the Finnsburg Episode
▪ interjections translating to “listen”

Old English • The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle (an annual account of events begun in
Prose the time of king Alfred) and Bede’s Latin History of 731 AD are a
continuous source of early English history
• Homolies and church sermons (= beides Reden/Predigten) by Aelfric
of Eynsham and Wulfstan of York

Allegory • A story, a poem, or a picture within the story that can be interpreted
to reveal a hidden meaning, typically moral or political
• Character, place, event is used to deliver a broader message about
real-world issues and occurrences
• Used to illustrate or convey complex ideas and concepts in a way
that are comprehensible or striking to its viewers, readers or listener



4

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