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Psychological Ethics Summary

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Summary of psychological ethics. Contains all you need to know from the articles turned into a consice summary.

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  • 20 februari 2024
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PSYCHOLOGICAL ETHICS – SUMMARY


WEEK 1: NEILL & HANDELSMAN CHAPTERS 3&4

Absolutism: ethical positions grounded in external principles like religious beliefs.
Relativism: ethical positions grounded in many varieties that lack universality.

The post-God dilemma
 Nietzsche: God is dead.
 If ethics can no longer be accorded to God, the possibility becomes questionable.

Cultural relativism: moral relatives are shaped by cultural context.
 Rejects existence of universal moral principles.
 Creates agonism (fundamental conflict) by seeing exclusive perspectives as equally
valid.
 Lacks universality.

Natural origin of ethics
 Organic ethics rooted in natural moral sensibility.
 Knowing the difference between right and wrong.
 Still, innate moral sensibility is not the same across different cultures.

Neurological perspectives
 Ethics based on neurobiology.
 Some neurological processes are connected to ethics.
 This is not enough to explain ethics.

Ethical acculturation: using several types of adaptation strategies. Explores “professional
ethical identity” in students.

Berry’s model of acculturation (1980): 2 dimensions (cultural maintenance & participation)
that lead to 4 different strategies of adaptation.
 Assimilation: low cultural maintenance & high participation.
o Adopting all values of the new culture.
o Letting go of your original culture completely.
o Potential danger: risk of also excluding yourself from values guiding your
personal life and completely relying on external factors.
o Risk of empty application of ethical principles.
 Separation: high cultural maintenance & low participation.
o Avoiding interaction with new culture.
o Staying completely involved in culture of origin.
o Potential danger: feeling that your personal moral expressions are sufficient for
your professional work life.
o Risk of conflicts between personal beliefs and professional obligations.
 Integration: high cultural maintenance & high participation.
o Embracing new culture.
o Still keeping ties to culture of origin.

, o No potential risks & dangers; if conflicts arise, you know how to ethically
handle them.
 Marginalization: low cultural maintenance & low participation.
o Don’t engage in new culture.
o Neglecting culture of origin.
o Leads to a lack of clear cultural identity.
o Lack a well-developed moral sense.
o Highest risk for unethical situations.
o Problems with enduring relationships and socialization.

Acculturation guides students through transitions in stead of indoctrinations. It is a long-term
developmental process. This is done through ethical courses, practicum supervision and
training programs.

Berry & Kim (1988): 2 key factors of pluralism in acculturation.
 Availability of a supportive network.
 Great tolerance of cultural diversity.


WEEK 2: RACHELS & SANDAL

The utilitarian approach
 Founder is Jeremy Bentham (1748 – 1832).
 Act utilitarianism.
 Morality doesn’t come from religion or abstract rules.
 Principle of utility
o Producing the most happiness for the greatest amount of people.
o Regardless of the circumstance.
 John Stuart Mill (1806 – 1873): leading voice of utilitarian moral theory.
o Rule utilitarianism: certain rules or principles should be followed because they
would lead to overall happiness.

Speciesism (Ryder, 1970): animal interests are less relevant than human ones. Utilitarians
disagree; suffering is not just unique to humans, animals can feel pain and happiness too.

Immanual Kant (1724 – 1804)
 Morality isn’t about maximizing happiness.
 Respecting individuals as ends in themselves.
 Pure practical reason
o Everyone is a rational and autonomous being capable of reasoning and free
choice.
 Actions driven by pursuit of pleasure or avoidance of pain don’t consist of true
freedom.
 Heteronomy: actions are determined by external factors.
 It is not about choosing means to an end but choosing the end itself.
o This distinguishes humans from mere instruments.
 Morality is about the motive and not the consequence.

Motive of duty: doing the right thing for the right reason.

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