Notes on the prerecorded lectures for the course Cultural Psychology. Since at the time of writing this summary there were multiple videos per week, not all of them are named in the document. However, the most essential information for the exam is covered. With these notes, I got a 9 on the exam.
CULTURAL PSYCHOLOGY
Chapter O: Introduction
1. Introduction
cultural novice – a person with little knowledge about a
particular culture
objective elements – clothes, architecture, food, art
subjective elements – values, beliefs, attitudes, norms
! invisible (subjective) elements are often conveyed by the
things that we can observe
culture is not monolithic – is it constantly in flux and it
changes
cultural transmission – developmental psychological
question
multiculturalism, biculturalism and acculturation
(intercultural communication)
CHAPTER 1.1: What is culture?
1. Definition of culture
culture – a unique meaning and infoamtion system shared
by a group and transmitted across generations that allows
the group to meet basic needs of survival, pursue happiness
and well-being and derive meaning from life
- inherently difficult to define
- culture is a perspective – “a pair of glasses”/ a schema
we use to evaluate and organize information so that we can
behave in accordance with the rules, norms, regulations in a
specific context
2. Goals of cross-cultural psychology
transport and test hypotheses and findings to other cultural
settings
explore other cultures in order to discover cultural and
psychological variations
integrate findings into a more universal psychology (finding
similarities and dissimilarities)
mostly WEIRD participants are used for studies
- not representative of mankind
- 73% of first authors were at American universities; 99%
were at universities in Western countries
, - 96% of the psychological samples come from countries with
only 12% of the world’s population
! we only know things about these 12% of people
3. Theoretical approaches
culture influences behavior
three theoretical frameworks
3.1 Hofstede
individualism vs collectivism
- the most cited general framework to classify cultural
patterns on the country level
- how related/ interrelated you are to other people
- a dimension, not a category
- to what extend each of them is prototypical in a society
examination of work-related values in employees of IBM
- he did factor analysis
- bottom-up approach
- clusters of items which he labeled in dimensions
four classic dimensions:
1) power distance
2) individualism/ collectivism
3) masculinity/ femininity
4) uncertainty avoidance
! two more are added:
5) long-term/ short-term orientation
6) indulgence
comparisons of cultures at the national level
individualism: ties between people are loose
- everyone looks after themselves and their immediate family
collectivism: people are integrated into strong cohesive in-
groups which protect them in exchange for unquestioning
loyalty
criticism of Hofstede:
- not representative of the whole truth – simply an
approximation
- the used items – are the dimensions assessed correctly?
- relatively low face validity (loose connections of items and
the definition of the dimensions)
- low statistical values – what does it actually explain? (how
much of the variance is explained by the model?)
,- Matsumoto: not known how reliable the measures are
(predicted differences by the model were not observed)
- the long-term orientation dimension: oriented towards the
future (pragmatic) or toward the present (familiar ways)
* normative societies – people have low long-term
orientation/ societal change is viewed with suspicion/ no
desire to engage with anything novel
* pragmatic individual score higher on this dimension
(prepare for the future)
- Minkov: analysis on secondary data with 4 questions
* issues with reliability
* items lack face validity
* power distance seems to be a part of individualism/
collectivism
* uncertainty avoidance is not reliably measured and it does
not predict criteria (ex. job security)
* masculinity-femininity does not predict criteria
* Hofstede’s model is made on the national level of analysis –
if one uses it on the individual level, they are falling prey to
ecological fallacy
* Minkov’s assessment: Hofstede’s model fails the test of
being validated across cultures and needs revision
- expansion of the model: cultural syndrome (Triandis)
* focus on individualism/ collectivism and equality
(horizontal/ vertical) – cultural syndromes (negotiation of
cultural belonging and values)
, 3.2 Markus & Kitayama
categorical difference between:
- an interdependent self that perceives the self as being
embedded into others
- an independent self that perceives the self as distinct
the self is the mediator of cultural differences: the
construal of the self differs across cultures
the importance assigned to so-called public, relational and
private inner aspects of the self can vary by culture
- Western: people are separate/ distinct (internal attributes
matter)
- Eastern: the way one defines themselves overlaps with how
other people are (internal attributes are not that important)
independent – interdependent
criticism of Markus & Kitayama:
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