UT High School World History A Final Exam Thorough Review, Complete Solution
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World History
UT High School World History A Final Exam Thorough Review, Complete Solution
Pre-history
the period of time before written records
Lucy
3.2 million year old skeleton found in Africa by Donald Johanser
The pre-history people were this
Hunter-gatherers (nomadic)
Stone Age
When people began us...
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NUR 2459 Rasmussen Mental Health Exam 1
Modules 1-3, Mental Health Exam 1
what are some psychiatric historical events that have occurred in the early
psychiatric era?
18th century- state asylums created, 600,000 residents were in them, 1st school or
psychiatric nursing was created in 1882, deinstitutionalization, shift in role of the nurse
from custodial care to professional care.
explain what early use of phenothiazine was for in early psych nursing.
it was discovered to help control psychotic behaviors and improve/ clear thinking.
what were the two nursing interventions associated with somatic therapy in early
psych nursing?
insulin therapy
ECT therapy
explain significance of insulin therapy in the early psych era.
insulin was administered until the client was comatose, this could kill the patient
because the blood sugar could drop below normal levels, but it helped relive psych
symptoms.
explain significance of early ECT therapy.
an electrical stimulus was given to the brain with the result of a grand-map seizure. now
we can control the shock given and give medications to sedate the client and stimulate
the seizure and for proper monitoring throughout the procedure.
explain what deinstitutionalization is.
there was a massive discharge of psychiatric patients from mental hospitals back to
their original communities.
what is significant about the impact of deinstitutionalization?
many of the psych patients who needed services were forced onto the streets,
potentially leading them to more harm and crime.
3 main reasons deinstitutionalization was initiated.
the belief that treatment in the hospitals was inhumane
hope that medications would offer a cure
lack of funding at the state and federal level
what is the order of maslows hierarchy of needs bottom to top?
physiological needs-safety need- love and belong needs- self esteem- self actualization
what is important to know about maslows hierarchy of needs?
motivation is continuous quest for self actualization, can reverse levels based on life
circumstances, lower level needs must be met first before advancement to higher level
psychological needs.
examples of psychotherapy
behavioral therapy, cognitive therapy, didactical behavior therapy
based on a verbal therapist to client interaction
examples of open environment therapies
family, group and milieu therapy
examples of Brian stimulation techniques
ECT, trans-cranial magnetic stimulation, vagus nerve stimulation
,explain what behavioral therapy is.
aims to modify maladaptive behavior patterns.
based that a behavior is learned and has consequences and abnormal behavior results
from an attempt to avoid painful feelings and reduce anxiety.
what is the nurses role with behavioral therapy?
Role of the nurse: to use the nursing process to assist the client with behavior
modification. This can be through 1 on 1 groups, different ways like classical and
operant conditioning
explain what cognitive therapy is.
focuses on individual client thoughts and behaviors to solve current problems.
Based on changing the way one thinks.
what is the role of the nurse with cognitive therapy?
the nurse will plan psychoeducation, use of the therapeutic relationship and counseling
interventions. They also reevaluate to determine if intervention was successful with the
therapy.
explain what cognitive behavioral therapy is (CBT)
uses both cognitive and behavioral approaches to assist a client with anxiety
management.
explain what family therapy is
therapy based on family dynamics and improving family functioning by learning the
ways for dealing with mental illness in the family, improving understanding among family
members, maximizing positive interaction with family members.
explain what milieu therapy is
creates an environment that is supportive and therapeutic and safe to benefit clients
and promote coping within a safe place.
explain what group therapy is
therapy focused on helping individuals develop more functional and satisfying reactions
within a group setting with common feelings, experiences and thoughts that lead to
positive behavior changes from interaction and feedback.
explain what ECT is used today
the induction of a grand-mal seizure through the application of electrical currents to the
brain during anesthesia.
Electrodes are placed bilaterally and an appropriate dose of electrical current is sent
through the brain to enhance the effects of certain neurotransmitters.
what types of disorders can ECT help with?
Used as a last resort in depression, mania, schizophrenia, and psychosis when
medication and treatment has failed.
side effects from ECT
confusion and memory loss, headache
what is the role of the nurse during ECT?
often during the pre-op and post-op phases. Complete assessment should be
completed before the client goes back to the procedure, including medication
reconciliation and a signed consent form. places the IV, gives pre procedure
medications, takes vitals before and after procedure. after procedure : placing the
patient on the side, orient the client, describe what happened, allow the patient to have
, therapeutic communication based on their feelings, assisting them as needed until fully
awake.
what will actually happen during the ECT procedure?
When in the treatment room, the nurse will help position the patient while the CRNA
gives the patient a short acting anesthetic and medication to induce the seizure.a bp
cuff, pulse ox and oxygen may be given as needed and a bite block and electrodes to
monitor EKG.once asleep, the provider will decide how much electricity the client will
get and will shock the client and monitor for any changes, the CRNA will wake the
patient up when finished, all people in the room will monitor for adverse reactions.
medications that may be given during ECT
atropine sulfate, succinylcholine, sedative medication and medication to help client
relax.
what is trans-cranial magnetic stimulation?
a noninvasive therapy that uses magnetic pulsations to stimulate the cerebral cortex of
the brain for those with depression who have not been responsive to medications.
What is vagus nerve stimulation?
provides electrical stimulation through the vagus nerve of the brain through a surgically
implanted device to increase neurotransmitter levels to treat depression resistant to
other methods of treatment and medication.
which system is responsible for how the body changes with stress?
fight or flight system- everyone will react differently
explain what stress is.
maladaptive responses to stressors from the internal or external environment,
evidenced by thoughts, feelings and behaviors that are incongruent with the local and
cultural norms, and interfere with the individual, social, occupational and physical
functioning.
which two defense mechanisms are always healthy?
alturism and sublimation
Role of psychiatric nurse
maladaptive responses to stressors from the internal or external environment,
evidenced by thoughts, feelings and behaviors that are incongruent with the local and
cultural norms, and interfere with the individual, social, occupational and physical
functioning.
explain the role of EEG and EKG with ECT
This allows for cardiac monitoring, and also observation of brain activity (seizure activity
in the brain).
what is the role of the stranger
first interaction with the nurse and treating the patient with respect.
what is the role of the resource person
will give answers in a way the patient can understand based on their healthcare
information.
what is the role of the teacher
the nurse identifies learning needs and information related to the patients healthcare.
what is the role of the leader
encourages both the nurse and the patient to have a democratic relationship and be
active in the plan of care.
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