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Alle college aantekeningen + bijbehorende literatuur, Kwalitatieve methoden

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Vak
Kwalitatieve methoden

Instelling
Universiteit Leiden (UL)

Alle college aantekeningen en de bijbehorende literatuur van het vak "Kwalitatieve methoden" van iemand die bij alle hoorcolleges aanwezig was en het vak in één keer gehaald heeft

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Geupload op 26 februari 2024
Aantal pagina's 70
Geschreven in 2022/2023
Type College aantekeningen
Docent(en) Lars dorren
Bevat Alle colleges

kwalitatief
kwalitatieve methoden
bestuurskunde
bbo
constructivisme
positivisme
discours analyse
focuselementen
data verzamelen
grounded theory
doel analyseren
coderen
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Inhoudsopgave
Kwalitatieve methoden, week 1..................................................................................................................... 2
Voorbereidend......................................................................................................................................................2
Hoorcollege........................................................................................................................................................18

Kwalitatieve methoden, week 2................................................................................................................... 23
Voorbereidend....................................................................................................................................................23
Hoorcollege........................................................................................................................................................37

Kwalitatieve methoden, week 3................................................................................................................... 45
Hoorcollege........................................................................................................................................................45

Kwalitatieve methoden, week 5................................................................................................................... 56
Voorbereidend....................................................................................................................................................56
Hoorcollege........................................................................................................................................................65

,Kwalitatieve methoden, week 1
Introductie van het vak

Voorbereidend

Nadine Raaphortst: How to prove, how to interpret and what to do?
This study is about the kind of uncertainties frontline tax officials, who work with
trust-based inspection approach, experience in interacting with citizen clients

 Two kind of uncertainties frontline officials face:
1. Information problems
2. Interpretation problems
 But there is more: action problems requiring improvisational
judgements
 Different sources underlying uncertainties, which explain them

 What kind of uncertainties do frontline tax officials experience, how do officials
respond, and what are the sources of these uncertainties?

 Lack of understanding of the kinds, conditions, and consequences of uncertainty at
play in frontline work
 Horizontal interactions between officials + citizens improve the uncertainty
 If the actions of bureaucrats depend on their perception of citizens in
interactions, the less important formal rules are  This improves uncertainty

Uncertainty as information problem
 Rules + procedures can be applied to a specific case, without the interference of the
human factor (bureaucrats’ interpretations)
 Technocratic knowledge, embodied in rules + procedures + polices are at the heart of
bureaucratic organizations

 Simon: Bounded rationality; members of an organization can act limited because of
their incomplete knowledge about future consequences + incapability of assessing all
possible alternative behaviors

 But still, bureaucrats are viewed as actors who get to their goal by applying
knowledge in order to get rid of uncertainties before making a decision

 From a perspective that views technical knowledge as a tool to control
administrative work, 'unknowns' are looked at as problematic
 In this perspective, uncertainty is perceived as an information problem

 Technical knowledge in rules/standard procedures should give bureaucrats some
certainty

,  Because knowledge about a situation gives a possibility to master + act in a
situation
Uncertainty as interpretation problem
 Bureaucrats’ discretionary practices are also formed by personal judgement of a
client their worthiness/deservingness
 Based on cultural schemes, moral beliefs, values, stereotypes
 Those are never simple/straightforward

 In this street-level bureaucracy literature, knowledge is not “just out there” to rely +
act upon, it needs to be interpreted first

 In this view the source of uncertainties is not so much an absence of information,
but rather a problem of interpretation of what 'is really happening'

Uncertainty of social interactions
 It is very important with discretion that only in specific cases’ encounter, rules are
enacted
 Discretion at the frontlines is important to respond to unexpected things + ensure
that services are responsive to individual needs

 This shows the uncertainty apart of social interactions
 Unpredictability of street-level work + tensions of face-to-face encounters
 Discretion is always about interaction between known abstract rules + unknown
particulars
 Dependent on interactions with citizen-clients

 This is way less looked at

 Because of some changes, Dutch tax administration now work with responsive +
collaborative regulation and enforcement (horizontal policy)
 Tax officals are street-level bureaucrats because of their pressure, constraints, tax
laws and interpretation
 But there are also some differences:
 Rules + legislation is often complex and not common knowledge
 Interactions are initiated by the tax officials + entrepreneurs cannot just leave
the interactions

Lack of information
 Tax officials (TO’s) create an account/storyline supported by sufficient evidens to
equip themselves for the negotiation with citizen-clients
 TO’s ask themselves if this account is strong enough for the evidence + aruments of
the citizen-clients

,  Example of a story:

 This story shows that the respondent did not search information out of a sense of
uncertainty of what happened  The respondent strongly felt that his account of the
situation was true, because he had cues to believe so

 Uncertainty in not knowing if you’re able to find enough evidence

Ambiguity of interpretation
 Different from information problems because; more information solves the
information problem, but does not help in difficult situtions to interpret

 Interpretation problems don’t arise as a result of lack of info
 Interpretation problems arise because the standard officials use t evaluate the case
are conflicting or vague in themselves

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