1.Bouw van het brein
● The student can explain the functional divisions of the human nervous system:
central, somatic and autonomic nervous system
Centraal Zenuwstelsel → De hersenen en het ruggenmerg
Autonoom → waar we geen controle over hebben. Bestaat uit sympatisch (=fight, fright,
flight- noradrenaline) en parasympatisch (=rest & digest - acetylcholine)
Somatisch → Waar wij wel controle over hebben. Bestaat uit alle zenuwen
(afferent/sensorisch & efferent/motorisch) en (craniaal & spinaal). Is belangrijk voor
beweging en sensorische informatie
● The student can explain the development of the central nervous system
De ontwikkeling van de hersenen begint met de neuronale buis→ procencephalon (tel &die),
mesencephalon (mes), rhombencephalon (met, my)
● The student can elaborate on the concept of localization of function and can compare
across different functional modalities (sensory functions, motor functions, higher
order functions such as learning, reasoning and language)
Localization of function→ bepaalde breindelen zijn verantwoordelijk voor bepaalde functies
Motor functions → frontale kwab, prefrontale cortex (plannen beweging), primaire
motorische schors (uitvoeren beweging), basale ganglia (aansturen en coordineren
beweging, cerebellum (coordineren beweging, balans)
Sensory functions → parietale kwab (lichaamsgevoel, tast, pijn, temperatuur, druk),
Higher order functions → prefrontale cortex (plannen, redeneren, impuls), amygdala (emotie
en angst), hippocampus (geheugen), cingulate cortex (emotie regulatie) fornix (connectie
hippocampus, mammilary bodies (recollectie), thalamus (sensorisch filter), reticulaire
formatie (algemeen bewustzijn), pons (connectie cerebellum)
Homeostase → hypothalamus (seksueel, slaap, honger, dorst, lichaamstemperatuur),
hypofyse (endocriensysteem), medulla (basis levensonderhoud; overgeven, niezen, slikken,
hoesten)
Auditief → temporaal kwab (primaire auditieve cortex), inferior colliculi
Visueel → occipitaal kwab (primaire visuele cortex), superior colliculi
● The student can localize and name telencephalon, diencephalon, mesencephalon,
metencephalon, myelencephalon and spinal cord and structures, nuclei and tracts in
these subdivisions (very important!) [you will get pictures / drawings of the brain and
vertical and mid-sagittal brain sections and need to be able to recognize brain areas
and brain structures]
Telencephalon→ cortex (frontaal, parietaal, occipitaal, temporaal), basal ganglia (caudate
nucleus, putamen, globus pallidus), limbic system (amygdala, hippocampus, fornix, cigular
cortex, mammilary bodies)
Diencephalon → hypothalamus, thalamus, hypofyse, 3e ventrikel
Mesencephalon → superior & inferior colliculi, tegmentum, tectum, substantia nigra, cerebral
aquaduct,
Metencephalon → cerebellum, pons, reticulaire formatie
Myencephalon → medulla
,2.Neurofysiologie
Leerdoelen:
● You can explain how the resting membrane potential arises
This depends on:
Present ions: K+ mainly inside the cell (and -proteins), Na+ mainly outside the cell (and Cl-)
What ions are in the membrane: unequal distributions manifest just outside the membrane
What channels are open: K+ leak channels
What factors influence flux: for K+ a chemical driving force to the outside and an electrial
force to the inside. For Na+ a chemical and electrical driving force to the outside.
K+ = -90mV -70Mv in neurons
Na+ = -60mV
● You can explain how the action potential arises
The action potential arises because of a local depolarization, Na+ voltage gated channels
open and there is a chemical and electrical driving force to the inside
● For every phase of the AP (threshold, rising phase, overshoot, falling phase,
undershoot) you know:
○ The membrane potential
○ Which ion channels are open, closed, inactivated or de-inactivated
○ The direction of the electrical and chemical driving force for K+ and Na+
○ The direction of the flux of K+ and Na+
1. Rising phase → -70mV → K+ leak channels, Na+ voltage gated open after threshold is
reached →K+ chemical to outside electrical to inside, Na+ both to inside, no flux
2. Overshoot phase → +40mV → Na+ voltage gated channels open, Na+ driving force to the
inside, direction of flux of Na+ to the inside
3. Falling phase → from 40 to -90mV → Na+ voltage gated channels inactivated, K+ voltage
gated channels open → K+ chemical and electrical driving force to the inside, direction of
flux of K+ to the inside
4. Undershoot phase → -90 to -70mV → Na+ voltage gated channels deactivated →flux of
K+ until the undershoot is over
● You know that the AP is an all-or-none phenomenon
Because of the absolutely refractory period (in which Na+ voltage gated channels are
inactivated), during relative refractionary perioid threshold harder to reach (because of
undershoot)
● You can explain AP propagation and saltatory conduction
Because of myelinisation insulation happens (gliacells and oligodendrocytes in CNS ;
schwann cells in PNS), current can not leak away (K+) and thus positive charges can go
larger distances. A speed of 150m/s is reached
● You can explain vesicle release and the role of calcium
Axon potential is propagated to the end, which depolarizes Ca2+ voltage gated channels.
Calcium influx activated proteins for fusion and docking of neurotransmitters.
Excitatie-secretie koppeling
, ● You can explain how excitatory and inhibitory post synaptic potentials arise
Excitatory post synaptic potential (EPSP) → depolarization
Inhibitatory post synaptic response (IPSP) → hyperpolarization
Happen because of neurotransmitter release → PSP’s come together
Spatial summation = more AP’s from differens neurons
Temporal summation = more AP’s from the same neuron
● You can explain the difference between ionotropic and metabotropic receptors
Ionotropic = ligand gated channel → for fast synaptic transmission → coded for by 4-5 genes
Metabotropic = g-coupled → slow synaptic transmission, sets off second messengers →
coded for by 1 gene
3.Neurotransmitters en receptoren
● De criteria voor NT kunnen omschrijven Inzicht hebben in neurotransmissie,
receptoren en inactivatie-mechanismen van dopamine, serotonine, (nor)adrenaline,
acetylcholine, glutamaat en GABA systemen
○ Je hoeft de namen van precursors, tussenproducten en enzymen NIET te
kennen
○ Je hoeft de circuits van serotonine, GABA, Glu, (nor)adrenaline NIET te
kennen
Aanwezigheid in presynaptische cel, calcium afhankelijk, postnynatisch receptoren specifiek
voor de neurotransmitter, inactivatiemechanisme aanwezig
● De vier dopamine projecties kunnen benoemen; weten wat oorsprong en
bestemming is van de banen; weten wat de functie is
Nigrostriataal → Substantia nigra naar basale ganglia → beweging (Parkinson)
Mesolimbisch → van ventral tegmental area (VTA) in middenhersenen (midbrain,
mesencephalon) naar limbisch systeem (met name nucleus accumbens in striatum)
Mesocorticaal → van VTA naar prefrontale cortex →Mesocorticaal en mesolimbisch
belangrijke rol bij afhankelijkheid en schizofrenie en verslaving
Tuberoinfundibular → hypothalamus naar thalamus
● De functionele en structurele verschillen tussen AMPA en NMDA-R kunnen
omschrijven 3
AMPA en kainaat laten Na+ en K+ binnen
NMPA laat Na+, K+ en Ca2+ binnen
NMPA → Ca2+ als second messenger, heeft cotransmitter D-serine/glycine nodig, heeft
Mg2+ wat gedepolariseert moet worden, PCP’s zijn drugs die ook voor een blok kunnen
zorgen → coincidense detector → voor synaptische plasticiteit
● Je begrijpt de verschillende functies, receptoren, inactivatie en circuits van de NT
acetylcholine en de rol van deze NT in het autonoom zenuwstelsel
Vooral belangrijk in het parasympatisch zenuwstelsel (ook in autonoom en sympatisch), ook
voor neuromusculaire juncties (spiercontracties). Inactivatie gebeurt door
acetylcholinesterase (enzym)
