Law and Politics
General introduction to law book, no specific country
Can cite specific chapters as clearly different authors?
MCs literatuur en hoorcolleges, 15 min. 10 Q.
Inhoudsopgave
Literatuur...................................................................................................................................................... 2
Chap.1: Sources of Law........................................................................................................................................2
Chap. 8: Constitutional Law.................................................................................................................................4
Chap. 12: International Law.................................................................................................................................9
Leydet, D. (2017). ‘Citizenship’, The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy........................................................13
5 Reasons Why: Understanding the reasons behind the activation of the Temporary Protection Directive in
2022....................................................................................................................................................................18
Chap. 7: Criminal Law.........................................................................................................................................20
Chap. 13: Human Rights.....................................................................................................................................25
Hopgood, S. (2014). ‘The Endtimes of Human Rights’.......................................................................................28
Davenport, C (2017). ‘Political Democracy and State Repression’....................................................................29
Chap. 4: Contract Law........................................................................................................................................32
Chap. 6: Tort Law................................................................................................................................................34
Florestal, M. (2008) ‘Is a Burrito a Sandwich? Exploring Race, Class, and Culture in Contracts ’,.....................37
Fei, X (2022): National Security Considerations in China’s Trade Legislations: Offensive or Defensive?...........38
Chap. 14: Elements of Procedural Law...............................................................................................................40
Chap. 9: Administrative Law..............................................................................................................................43
Hoorcolleges................................................................................................................................................ 46
Lecture 1A L&P...................................................................................................................................................46
Lecture 1B...........................................................................................................................................................47
lecture 2A...........................................................................................................................................................48
lecture 2B...........................................................................................................................................................49
lecture 3A...........................................................................................................................................................49
Lecture 3B...........................................................................................................................................................51
Lecture 4A...........................................................................................................................................................52
Lecture 4B...........................................................................................................................................................53
, Literatuur
Chap.1: Sources of Law
1 What is law?
-rules, definitions to terms, create competencies (procedures)
Legal rules:
-enforce by means of collective action (typically state)
-specific sanction
positive law, explicitly created, e.g. legislation, judicial decision
high legal certainty
- know outcome by explicit content
- not about what is really right subjectively individually, rather collective support
- preference fast solutions and applied consistently
2 Roman Law
Historical sources of law
2.1 Tribal customary law
Based on family ties>grows larger culture nation
Customary law, traditional
Becomes natural, divine, rational, immutable (sharia, ten commandments)
Slow change
2.2 codification, written (existed before codified unlike by legislation)
Roman law
Laid down on the twelve tables
Pontiffs interpreters of law from patrician class
Plebeians, object to this
2.3 praetor and iudex
Solution based on and determined by:
-facts (iudex)
-content law (praetor, step towards becoming consul, advised in case by jurist)
2.4 the corpus luris civilis
Codify eastern roman empire
First part, codex, legislation
Second part, digest, writings of jurist
Third part, institution, student textbook
3 common law
Common law of England
Central courts of justice, uniform interpretation law
Statutory law in continental Europe (civil law)
,3.2 precedent
Decision of judge as precedent future cases, customary law
-judicial decision is evidence law already existed (before 20 th century)
-judge created new rule so should apply now (20th century)
Previous cases analogy, stare decisis, stand by your decisions
Case-based reasoning (comparing previous decisions instead of legislation)
Exported in commonwealth
3.3 equity law
Court of chancery (now no separate court)
Fairness, exception/correction to common law, I.E. child legal right heritage
4 ius commune
-Digest found and studies
-Roman catholic church, canon law (organization church, civil affair)
The reception: roman law replace local customary law
That’s why bachelor of laws plural and master LLM
Seen as ratio scripta, rationally written down
Natural law: purely by means of reason
5 national states and codification
Nation-states, peace of Westphalia, sovereignty
>national law
>International public law (between states)
Westphalian duo
5.1 national codification
French revolution
Code civil (private law)
Code de commerce (commerce law)
Code de procėdure civile (law of civil procedure)
Code pėnal (substantive criminal law)
Code d’instruction criminelle (procedural criminal law)
Legal unity + certainty + central instead of local + influence of people on law by legislation
>Spread Napoleonic conquest
Historical school: don’t codify because lose spirit (volksgeist) between people and law,
rather research origins and reasoning
German codification 1900
5.2 legal families
Common law family
Civil law family (Roman and Canon law):
-French family (driven by democratic political codification)
-German family (driven by legal scholars)
5.3 transnational law
More state-society law, administrative, positive
, Westphalian duo challenged:
-human rights: treaties between states, UN declarations, hard to leave commitments,
independent binding courts
-European union law, primacy, binding, not interstate rather autonomous
-Lex Mercatoria, commercial international law (soft law: influence but not binding)
(law outside Westphalian duo)
6 conclusion
Precedent also important on continental Europe but NOT binding
Chap. 8: Constitutional Law
1 introduction
States and laws make each other effective
Monopoly of law enforcement: criminal law: crimes as offenses to the state instead of to
victims
Constitutional law:
constraints state
determines organization and powers of organs
Institutional law (between organs of state)
Fundamental rights
States provide stuff
Constitutional law sets forth the decision-making process, outcome is politics but politics
also restricted by law (limit budget deficits)
1.1 sources of constitutional law
laid out in: constitution/basic law/charter/regulation of state
entrenchment: hard to amend, rigid
protect minorities, sometimes non-amendable
still often constitutionally relevant laws outside of constitution, election laws
constitution can be unwritten, UK
often not entrenched, flexible, constitution in ordinary laws, case laws (by courts), customs
(often internal procedures)
monist system: international treaties recognized into domestic law, unified
dualist system: international law has to be translated into domestic law, separate
1.2 three themes
first 1 source of authority 2 how its limited +- 3 judicial overview 4 role of the people
2 state power established
2.1 statehood
-Maintaining control inside
-Defending it against outside
Failed states, recognized by international community, secession
2.2 sovereignty
