Grade 11
AGRICULTURAL-
management
PRACTICES
June exam
2024
Previous exam papers have been used to compile these notes, @IMPAQ June Exam 2019, 2020,
2021, 2022 & 2023. These are only suggested answers from the memoranda. Some information is
repeated, I want to show you the different ways the same information is asked.
I encourage you to answer the calculation/illustration questions without looking at the answers
first.
Good luck . Juffrou Ansie
Topics covered:
Maize - cultivars, classification
Maize - soil
Maize – irrigation and fertilization requirements
Maize – establishment and pests
Crop rotation
@Juffrou_Ansie
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Multiple – choice questions
Strip irrigation Strip irrigation is particularly suitable for sites with a slight slope
Flood irrigation This is a method where water is pumped into the land and it then flows
into the pre-made furrows to reach the plants. This method is very easy
and cheap.
Comb irrigation The piece of land to be irrigated is divided into a number of smaller
units.
Three point sprayer A three-point sprayer has a low centre of gravity and therefore has the
best stability when working on uneven and sloping ground.
Conventional For conventional tillage, the residues must be well mixed with the soil
machining before starting the primary tillage.
Weed seed Weed seeds can lie in the soil for years before they germinate. The
seeds of Stinkleaf have remained viable for 80 years
Clear solution It can be compared to a solution of some salt in water and precipitation
is impossible.
Compulsory risks Compulsory risks a farmer cannot afford not to accept. Such risks are
of such a nature that potential losses are small and the potential
benefits are very large.
Unaffordable risk If the farmer wants to start a stud but doesn't have enough capital to
expand it big enough to be sustainable, it amounts to waste.
Growth stage 3 This is a critical stage for maize, because moisture and nutrient
deficiencies will slow growth of the head
Balance sheet The statement that shows the financial position in which a farm is at a
given time.
A cash flow statement It shows all income such as operating, capital and non-farming income
as well as all expenses such as operating, capital, non-farming
expenditure and debt payments
Clay Clay plays a very important role in soil's chemical properties. This
structure means that it has a negative charge.
Irrigation To make very dry, barren land arable.
Crop protection Never use unregistered chemicals.
@Juffrou_Ansie
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Ammonium sulphate Use on alkaline soil.
Six leaf stage A richly branched adventitious root system develops.
Bubble burn Bubble burns on all parts of the young plants and forms irregular
swellings that can be larger than oranges.
Ground The origin is from rocks that have weathered
Physical inventory This document must be updated once a year.
Molybdenum Plays a role in the formation of proteins
Tillage Has an influence on the risk of crop cultivation.
Cultivar Maize seeds that have been developed to a certain extent. Cultivars
that tend to have open tips are more prone to head rots such as
Diplopia and Fusarium
Crop management Farmers must regularly look at ways to manage the natural resources in
practice such a way that a productive agricultural system can be maintained.
The purpose of crop protection is to minimize the risk that may
adversely affect the crop.
Greenhouse farming Sometimes referred to as controlled environment farming
Hard dough stage Growth stage 8 in maize.
A soil analysis An indication of the availability of a specific plant nutrient in the soil for
the plant.
Weed Absorbs valuable moisture and nutrients from the soil that are essential
for the maize plant.
Oxygen Is important for root growth, nutrient uptake and biological activity.
Pergolas Provides a support system on which the shoots and leaves rest.
Precipitation The movement of water from the atmosphere to the earth. eg dew, fog,
hail, snow, rainfall
Infiltration This is when water drains through the upper layer to the lower layers
and the water table.
Formula to calculate
depreciation
Belt positioning plus Fertilizer is readily available and sufficient for high production. It
broadcasting stimulates root growth.
@Juffrou_Ansie
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Soil structure Soil structure refers to the aggregation (cohesion) of individual soil
particles to form larger structures.
Chemical weed Application before planting time usually takes place all over the country
control and then weeds are controlled in the planting row and also between
planting rows.
Alluvial Indicative soil washed away by running water.
Fertilization A common agricultural practice whereby the soil is made fertile by the
application of fertilizers.
Legumes Bacteria on the roots of, for example, peanuts bind up to 200 kg of
nitrogen per hectare per year.
Starch "factories" Economic importance of maize.
Plant date Plays a major role in the successful cultivation of maize.
Drip irrigation This system is very effective as evaporation is significantly less.
Mechanical cultivation Occurs after the plants lose turgor.
Increment It is a small amount of material taken at a single specific place in the
population.
Open system A system that is constantly subject to soil formation, soil leaching and
soil erosion processes.
A hydraulic cylinder Lift the implement so that it can be transported from place to place.
Precipitation The movement of water from the atmosphere to the earth.
Prop roots After the appearance of the plume (male flower) these roots develop.
GIS Computer software whose database is used to store input.
Soil profile Different layers (horizons) develop more or less parallel to the soil
surface.
A soil profile is a perpendicular section of a soil type that shows the
nature and succession of the different layers or horizons down to the
weathering parent rock or in the case of transported soil, to a depth of
3.04 m.
Agricultural chemicals Agricultural chemicals as a production input account for approximately
7% of grain producers' current production cost account.
Pioneer plants They come first to disturbed ground.
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Sorghum Extremely suitable for ethanol production.
The brown beetle This beetle causes damage from the moment the plant emerges until
the maize plant is about 20 cm high
adventitious roots During the six-leaf stage in maize, a richly branched adventitious root
system develops and originates from nodes under the soil.
Biological weed Biological weed control involves the use of animals or the introduction
control of diseases by which the populations of the weeds are drastically
reduced.
Legume Bacteria on the roots of this crop bind up to 200 kg of nitrogen per
hectare per year.
Regolith Unconsolidated mantle of weathered rock, soil and surface deposits on
solid rock.
Increment A small amount of material (in this case, soil) taken from a single
specific location in the population (in this case, a workable land unit).
Water cycle This involves a constant movement of water between the earth and the
atmosphere.
Fixed capital Fixed capital includes equipment, buildings and any form of technology
designed to increase the business' production potential.
Insolvent / Bankruptcy When the farm cannot meet its financial obligations
Mulching The practice of covering the tilled soil with various substances, such as
tree bark or hay, to prevent water loss and wind erosion.
An open system An open system is a system that is constantly subject to soil formation,
soil leaching and soil erosion processes.
A ground solum A soil solum is a zone in which the soil formation processes are
maximally present.
Paragraph question
The economic importance of maize in South Africa. @IMPAQ June Exam 2020
↘ Maize earns foreign exchange due to export of maize.
↘ Maize forms the staple food for a large part of the population.
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↘ Other industries develop around maize, as farmers spend millions of rands on fuel,
fertiliser, seed, implements and wages of labourers.
↘ Thousands of jobs are created.
↘ Other industries that are directly dependent on maize cultivation are: Millers,
manufacturers of animal feed, starch factories, breakfast food manufacturers,
manufacturers of bio-fuel such as ethanol.
The maize plant @IMPAQ June Exam 2019 & 2023
↘ Maize belongs to the grass family.
↘ Maize is an annual summer crop.
↘ It is upright growing.
↘ Development of the plant is mainly single-stemmed, although some cultivars and
types may form sprouts to a lesser or greater extent.
↘ A plume or male flower is borne at the top of the plant.
↘ The head or female flower is borne approximately in the centre of the plant.
↘ Maize is a monocot plant
The three parts that make up A =beard, cob & bracts
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