Samenvatting
Summary History of MKDA Modern Notes
- Instelling
- Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam (VU)
study notes, lecture notes, reading notes
[Meer zien]Voorbeeld 4 van de 31 pagina's
Voorbeeld 4 van de 31 pagina's
In winkelwagengesponsord bericht van onze partner
Verkoper
Volgen
Voorbeeld van de inhoud
History MKDA ModernExam: Flashcards, lecture notes, literature
→ image recognition, knowledge questions (definitions of relevant terms & concepts),
insight (open questions)
Lecture 1 - 08. February. 2023
PART 1 - MEDIA
The (long) 19th century
1850-1900 ‘Modernity’
→ Industrialization, Urbanization, Reproduction
- Ensemble of socio-cultural norms
- Linking historical & cultural processes
- From feudalism to capitalism and market economy
- Secularization
- Development of the modern nation-state (nations are competing with eayh other economically)
- National institutions (public education, bureaucracy, etc.)
“modernité”
- Term coined by poet Charles Baudelaire in 1859
- Firstly, a term within the field of aesthetics and art criticism
- “Questioning and/or rejection of tradition”
- Later used to signify historical era
- Baudelaire as the one who gives voice to the shock and intoxication of modernity; “he is the poet
of the metropolis” (Walter Benjamin about Baudelaire)
- “To distill the eternal from the transitory”
Railways
See reading Schivelbusch
- Icon of modernity
- One can’t understand modernity without understanding the influence the railway had
“Industrialization of Space and Time”
- Concepts of time and space reflect the significance of media to civilization
- Media that emphasizes time are durable in character (clay, stone)
→ development of architecture & sculpture
- Media that emphasizes space are less durable and light in character (paper)
→ development in administration and trade
- Impact of constant technological change upon human perception in modern society
- Adaption to technological change (the development of a modern, industrialized consciousness) is
a learned behavior
- Contemporary perception of railroad as one of emancipation from nature & triumph of
mechanization
- At the same time: seen as terrifying and unnatural!
- Similar paradox: introduction of computers
- Trains had a disorienting effect on perceptions of space and time (overwhelming, dizzying)
- In only one generation people learned to accept a permanently accelerated relationship to
space-time as natural
- Collapse of distance between disparate spaces (from landscape to panorama)
- Similar to the montage in film: disparate images are placed one after the other
,- Re-organizing perception
- No static view points
- Perspectives keep changing
- “Panoramic” perception in contrast to traditional perception of landscape
- Traveler sees objects, landscapes, etc. through the apparatus which moves her/him
through the world
- Building infrastructure → reshaping cities (e.g., Amsterdam)
- Reshaping behavior → reading on the trains to avoid awkward interactions (today phone)
- Reshaping media economy → book stores at railway stations
Railway revolution had consequences on both the visual and material level!
PART 2 - ART
Romanticism & Revolution: Predecessors of the Avant-Garde (1800-1965)
Transition from modernity to post-modernity
Start: Romanticism (subjective choice)
- 1848: start of “modern era”, start of “avant-garde” movements
- A lot of people disagree with this
- Changes in perception of art, its use and its place in society
- Art is no longer seen as a job, artist has to be sincere in his work (Gombrich, p.503)
- Authenticity, originality now a standard in art
- “Official Art” of the 19th century = academia art, what the institutions taught/ bought, also called
‘Salon Art’ (in France)
- ‘grandes machines’ = especially appreciated pictures within salon art, that include complex
compositions in huge paintings
- Perspective of art production = oversaturated production of “official art”, lead to many artists
being forgotten today, whereas “avant-garde” art is popular now (atypical over the typical)
Rococo
- Connection between early modern and modern
- Aristocratic, related to French monarchy
- “frivolous”
→ the painter at crossroads between frivolous art style and return to antiquity
Neoclassicism
- Art teaches wise, honorable lessons and is not just there to amuse (as in Rococo)
- Linear, clear lines & colors
Romanticism
- Recognition of sentiments and emotions
- Medieval stories in a poetic / lyrical context; exotic Orient depicted in new ways
- Expansion of range of subject matter (Gombrich)
- less commissioners, but still a market for art (at markets) -> artist painted to sell
- more and more rich people -> more and more people who want to become artists in the
beginning of 19th century -> artist has to stand out/ be original to sell
- rebellion against what bourgeoisie want
- artist goes from being a mirror of what he sees to being a lamp
- Delacroix, The Death of Sardanapalus
- Religion (Caspar David Friedrich -> made an altarpiece without being commissioned)
, - “Rückenfigur” admiring nature
- Leaving tradition behind, contemporary scenes are painted
Realism
- “You have to be of your own time” -> artists depict the world their living in rather than the past
- Courbet – first realist (1848)
- Shocking to the world of salon art -> subject matter not seen as worthy to be depicted in art
- Depicting “real” people, not gods or heroes in big scale
Lecture 2 – 15. February. 2023
PART 1 – DESIGN
Craft, Industry, Design
What is design?
- Design is everything; it is within everything (substance of shape and color effect every
object, and therefore have been designed
- Design is all things that humans have made or used
- Design is all things humans have made and used intentionally
- Herbert Simon “to design is to devise courses of action aimed at changing existing
situations into preferred ones” (tree is made into planks of wood → bench)
- Design is the ideation/plan/concept of a product/process rather than its manufacture
- Design does not exist without man-made concepts and processes; it is not simply
out there in the world. This is why man design histories begin in the 18th – 19th
centuries within the Industrial Revolution
Before & During the Industrial Revolution
- Before: Production was mostly home based and decentralized (craft-based); one person
was responsible for the whole process of creation. From the collection of the sources, to
making the plan, to executing the plan → high-quality of craftsmanship required
- Geographical focus in the UK, later spread internationally (1750- 1850s)
- Why is the Industrial Revolution relevant for design?
- Rather than one person being responsible for the whole of the design process,
Design was separated into several components (1. Designer: creates plan
2. manufacturer: making the product; manufacturer consists of mass of laborers
each responsible for one step of the plan)
- Centralization: Expansion of factory size, as Revolution progresses. Therefore, the
demand for human craftsmanship declined → de-skilling of labor. Labor was
replaced with machines
- Division of labor between designer + manufacturer: designer made a plan/
drawing/design for a product and manufacturer produced it = birth of
professional ‘design’ practice
Examples of Industrial design
- Wedgwood Pottery – hand decorated table plates for the upper classes and cheaper
versions for the middle class
- for the cheaper end it required new technological inventions
, - similar to temporary tattoos the prints were soaked in water, peeled from
the paper surface and placed on the table ware; then burned
→ process of mass production, that made it affordable to the masses
- Wedgewood profited from disappearance of craftsmanship (retaining &
industrializing)
- Centralization: division of labor, replacement of labor with machines & cheaper products
- Thonet Model 14 chair – invented and patented process for softening solid wood with
steam, so it could be bent into furniture components
- Founded firm in 1853, huge multinational specialized in producing wide range of
inexpensive beechwood furniture
- Mass-produced, lightweight, flat packed, shipped cheaply, easy assembly → reminds of
IKEA
- Factories were close to the forest, so supply shipping was efficient and quick. After
forests were depleted, the firm moved geographical locations
Negative social and economic developments
- Mass migration: from rural, agricultural countryside to urban factories
- Increased profits: industrialists sought to lower prices by employing machines and
lowering wages
- Decrease of QOL and product quality: factory workers were treated poorly and in turn
the quality of the products suffered too
- Dissatisfaction with capitalist system
- Backlashes of these impacts
- Desire to improve the lives of the working class (Including/ especially children)
- The idea that improving the QOL would also improve the product quality
Arts & Crafts Movement
- Reform society and design at the heart of the ACM “Design is a tool to reform society not
for the benefit of the capitalist movement”
- John Ruskin (1819-1900) pointed out problems of the Industrial Revolution
1. Factory production lowers quality of goods
Voordelen van het kopen van samenvattingen bij Stuvia op een rij:
Verzekerd van kwaliteit door reviews
Stuvia-klanten hebben meer dan 700.000 samenvattingen beoordeeld. Zo weet je zeker dat je de beste documenten koopt!
Snel en makkelijk kopen
Je betaalt supersnel en eenmalig met iDeal, creditcard of Stuvia-tegoed voor de samenvatting. Zonder lidmaatschap.
Focus op de essentie
Samenvattingen worden geschreven voor en door anderen. Daarom zijn de samenvattingen altijd betrouwbaar en actueel. Zo kom je snel tot de kern!
Veelgestelde vragen
Wat krijg ik als ik dit document koop?
Je krijgt een PDF, die direct beschikbaar is na je aankoop. Het gekochte document is altijd, overal en oneindig toegankelijk via je profiel.
Tevredenheidsgarantie: hoe werkt dat?
Onze tevredenheidsgarantie zorgt ervoor dat je altijd een studiedocument vindt dat goed bij je past. Je vult een formulier in en onze klantenservice regelt de rest.
Van wie koop ik deze samenvatting?
Stuvia is een marktplaats, je koop dit document dus niet van ons, maar van verkoper rubsbro. Stuvia faciliteert de betaling aan de verkoper.
Zit ik meteen vast aan een abonnement?
Nee, je koopt alleen deze samenvatting voor €5,49. Je zit daarna nergens aan vast.
Is Stuvia te vertrouwen?
4,6 sterren op Google & Trustpilot (+1000 reviews)
Afgelopen 30 dagen zijn er 77254 samenvattingen verkocht
Opgericht in 2010, al 14 jaar dé plek om samenvattingen te kopen